<p>Har Karkom  is a mountain in the southwest Negev desert in Israel, half way between Petra and Kadesh Barnea. On the basis that the Israelites travelled across the Sinai peninsula towards Petra in a fairly straight line, a number of scholars have contemplated the possibility of Har Karkom being the Biblical Mount Sinai. Following this theory, Emmanuel Anati excavated at the mountain, and discovered that it was a major paleolithic cult centre, with the surrounding plateau covered with shrines, altars, stone circles, stone pillars, and over 40,000 rock engravings.</p><br>
<p>Although, on the basis of his findings, Anati advocates the identification of Har Karkom with Mount Sinai, the peak of religious activity at the site may date to 2350-2000 BC, and the mountain appears to have been abandoned perhaps between 1950 and 1000 BC; the exodus is sometimes dated between 1600-1200 BC. However, no archaeological evidence has been supported by scholars to maintain a date of 1600-1200 BC. Anati instead places the Exodus, based on other archaeological evidence, between 2350 and 2000 BC.</p><br>
<p>James K. Hoffmeier wrote</p><br>
<p>Scholars have reacted with either indifference or antagonism to Anati’s revisionist theory. Revisionist chronologies are not new but have been roundly rejected by trained historians, biblical scholars, and archaeologists. One early critic was Israel Finkelstein, who penned a devastating review.81 He rightly rejects Anati’s conclusions, because the type of Early Bronze Age cultic installations discovered at Har Karkom have also been found in significant numbers in the southern desert, Negev, and Sinai—so Anati’s finds are not unique, and Finkelstein is appalled by Anati’s chronological revisionism. He also finds the location so close to Kadesh and the Negev problematic, especially since a few years earlier he had argued for a south Sinai location for the mountain of God on the basis of ecological factors. Another problem for Anati’s theory is that if this mountain marks the place where Israel received the tablets with the ten commandments, in what language would they have been written between 2200 and 2000 b.c.? The Canaanite alphabetic script, from which the Hebrew script was borrowed, was still developing around 1800 b.c.</p><br>
<h2>Citations and Notes</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette Park is a historic urban renewal district east of Downtown Detroit and contains the largest collection of residential buildings designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The northern section planned and partially built by Mies is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 2015 it was designated a National Historic Landmark District. Lafayette Park is located on the city&#39;s lower east side directly south of the Eastern Market Historic District. In general, the neighborhood, including portions developed by other architects, has been regarded as an incubator of progressive architecture and one of the few historically stable urban renewal zones in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and developments</h2><br>
<p>Lafayette Park is principally composed of two superblocks, which combine low- and high-density housing, in the manner favored by the Federal Housing Administration after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The first phase, formerly known as the Gratiot Redevelopment, was bounded by Hastings Avenue (later the Chrysler Freeway and, ultimately, the I-375), Gratiot Avenue, Orleans Street, and Lafayette Street. The developments in this section include:</p><br>
<p>The Pavilion Apartments (Mies van der Rohe, 1959)</p><br>
<p>Mies Van der Rohe Townhouses (Mies, 1959)</p><br>
<p>Walter Chrysler Elementary School (Gould, Moss and Joseph, 1963)</p><br>
<p>Lafayette Towers (Mies, 1963)</p><br>
<p>Towers Shopping Center (King and Lewis, 1963)</p><br>
<p>Four Freedoms House (John Hans Graham, 1965)</p><br>
<p>Cherboneau Place North and South (1962-1965)</p><br>
<p>Chateaufort Cooperative (1965-1967)</p><br>
<p>Regency Square Apartments (Joseph Savin, 1965)</p><br>
<p>The second phase, formerly known as the Lafayette Extension, is to the south, bounded by The I-375, Lafayette, Orleans Street, and Jefferson Avenue. The original developments in this portion include:</p><br>
<p>1300 Lafayette East (Gunnar Birkerts, 1964)</p><br>
<p>Central Park Plaza Apartments (1963)</p><br>
<p>Rochdale Court Apartments (1964-1967, demolished 2002)</p><br>
<p>Navarre Place Townhouses (Hausner and Macsai, 1965 and 1969)</p><br>
<p>Jean Rivard Apartments (Pastor-Fonsville, 1967)</p><br>
<p>In 1963, considerable confusion was eliminated when the two phases, along with prior contained (and overlapping) developments variously called the Gratiot-Orleans Development Area, Lafayette Plaisance, and Lafayette Park-University City, were consolidated by the Lafayette Park Development Association, under the name of "Lafayette Park."</p><br>
<p>A greenway runs through the center of the entire development, beginning at Gratiot and continuing to the two blocks to the South, and is known as Lafayatte Plaisance (between Gratiot and Lafayette), Lafayette Central Park (between Lafayette and Larned), and Lafayette Entry Park (between Larned and Jefferson). From 1960 onward, both of the superblocks became known as simply Lafayette Park. The conventional city block between Larned and Jefferson also contained two of the indigenous buildings that survived the clearcutting (the University Club and the Somerset Apartments) and several pre-renewal commercial buildings and one church line Gratiot to the north.</p><br>
<p>The development also borders on the Dequindre Cut Greenway, a rail-to-trail redevelopment following below Orleans Street.</p><br>
<p>Although Lafayette Park is most commonly identified with van der Rohe, Gunnar Birkerts and played significant roles in the south half of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Urban renewal</h2><br>
<p>Several factors came together to create the urban renewal zone that later became Lafayette Park. Firstly, FHA policies following World War II promoted aggressive "slum clearance," under the Housing Act of 1949, providing up to half of demolition costs on projects that often impacted African-American neighborhoods. Secondly, Detroit had been completely built out and lacked land that could be developed, which limited property tax revenue. thirdly, Walter Reuther, of the United Auto Workers, had made the development of mixed-income housing a priority.</p><br>
<h2>Demise of Black Bottom</h2><br>
<p>The selection of this site operated to the detriment of Detroits Black Bottom, the center of Detroits African-American population, which featured a vibrant commercial district on Hastings Avenue. The zone, long named for its rich black topsoil, had previously been inhabited by various immigrant groups over the ages. In addition to the practice of targeting African-American neighborhoods for urban renewal, the neighborhood was also deemed suitable for redevelopment because it had a very high proportion of renters and very low property tax revenue.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1948, the Citizens Redevelopment Corporation was formed and began to acquire and demolish property in the Gratiot Redevelopment. Many of the original residents were relocated to the north and west. By the end of the final acquisitions, in 1967, 78 acres had been cleared.</p><br>
<p>The success of the project in increasing tax revenue was such that the city engaged a similar program in Corktown, leveling much of a neighborhood of frame houses in favor of industrial property. The process also repeated in the areas now inhabited by Blue Cross and Blue Shield, DTE Energy and the MGM Casino, Wayne State University, and the Detroit Medical Center, all of which were urban renewal zones.</p><br>
<h2>Evolving design</h2><br>
<h3>Yamasaki/Gruen/Stonorov plan</h3><br>
<p>Initially, Minoru Yamasaki, Victor Gruen, and Oscar Stonorov were commissioned to create a site plan and design the residential buildings. Their initial design, in the Gratiot Redevelopment (the north half) involved 20 high-rise towers, some of square proportion and some rectangular, along with several dozen townhouses. The latter were notable for being clustered in a checkerboard pattern, with four two-story buildings surrounding a central courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Ultimately, the project could not find funding as mixed-income housing, and the original plan was not realized.</p><br>
<h3>Mies, Hilberseimer, and Caldwell</h3><br>
<p>In 1956, when the project had been an open field for several years, Herbert Greenwald, a young Chicago developer, proposed to take on the project as a middle-income development. He conditioned his participation on using Ludwig Mies van der Rohe as the principal architect. At the time, Mies was an architecture professor at and the principal designer of buildings for the Illinois Institute of Technology. Mies had taken on sporadic projects outside of academic life, such as the Seagrams Building in Manhattan and 860-880 Lakeshore Drive in Chicago. Mies brought in Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell, two of his associates at IIT, to serve as site planner and landscape architect, respectively., who had received a masters degree studying under Mies and ultimately would become the successor to Miess practice, was the chief designer for all of Miess residential projects.</p><br>
<p>As reflected by promotional photos, the original site plan for the Gratiot Redevelopment featured five 22-story slab-shaped high-rises and four 22-story smaller and more square ones, as follows:</p><br>
<p>West of Lafayette Plaisance, a slab in the northwest corner (north of Lafayette) and a similar slab-shaped building offset by a square tower at the corner of Lafayette and Rivard.</p><br>
<p>East of Lafayette Plaisance, three equally spaced slabs. The south one was on Larned, the central one was midway up the length of the east parcel, and the northern one was offset with a square tower in a mirror image of the one at Lafayette and Rivard. The east section included a square shopping center with access from Orleans.</p><br>
<p>Numerous townhouses were concealed by tree cover.</p><br>
<p>The plan was repeatedly changed throughout Mies&#39;s involvement. The first phase of the project proceeded substantially according the to final plan, with the construction of the Pavilion Apartment, originally conceived as part of a predecessor development that included the Wayne State School of Pharmacy. The Pavilion is a 22-story structure that resembles 860-880 Lakeshore in its use of 21-foot column bays with two nine-foot-wide windows. Heating and cooling is via hassock-like heat exchange units near the windows. The lobby, set inward from the perimeter, featured two stories and three elevators. An identical structure would be used in Lafayette Towers, below, though with a larger number of narrower windows on the same bays. Because American fire codes required the steel columns to be encased in concrete, the exposed "frame" of all three buildings is actually an ornamental I-beam.</p><br>
<p>The team proceeded to construct the Mies townhomes, which ultimately would be 186 units in four designs: there were a small number of two, three, and four-bedroom ranch-style townhomes with courtyards, with the balance being three-bedroom, two-story townhouses. The low-rise housing was set several feet above grade to minimize views of automobiles and generally featured central parking lots serving multiple buildings, but the courtyard homes had driveways that led to the front door. The general construction of the low-rise houses was a lightweight steel space frame from which 3-inch concrete slabs were hung for floors and glass panels for front and rear walls. The units are separated by fire brick walls and topped with flat roofs. The ends are capped by a grey-beige slip-coated brick common to the era. Two-story units are essentially glass on both ends, bisected on the first floor by a mechanical core, containing the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The townhouses would be operated as apartments until 1961-1962, when they were converted into four co-operatives. Two vacant units had served as the first school for the neighborhood, with Chrysler Elementary being built shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Greenwald developments</h2><br>
<h3>Lafayette Towers</h3><br>
<p>In 1959, Greenwald was killed when his plane skidded off the runway at New Yorks LaGuardia Airport. Greenwald had been planning and executing residential projects all over the United States and was on his way to shop a site in Lower Manhattan. His death dealt a significant blow to all developments he sponsored, and it resulted in the firing of half of Miess staff.</p><br>
<p>The recession of 1958 had already resulted in a 20% unemployment rate in Detroit, and it was left to the Habitat Companies, headed by Daniel Levin, to finish the project. The final Mies-designed project was Lafayette Towers (1961-1964), two towers perpendicular to the original site plan that were connected by a central garage, and serviced by a central mechanical plant. The whole project would later be replicated in Newark, New Jersey, as the Pavilion Apartments. As Fujikawa recounted, the Lafayette Towers "model proved to be a practical and economical solution, and Mies saw no reason to change it." The Towers differed from the Pavilion in three principal ways: the window panels were half the size, the lower portion of the window was replaced by a ventilator unit, and the penthouse was made with a metal, not glass, facade.</p><br>
<h3>Shopping centre</h3><br>
<p>Because HUD had mandated for new developments to include a shopping center, Greenwalds partners built the present-day shopping center (originally called "Towers Plaza"), which originally featured a two-story concrete bank building with windows that called back to the Lafayette Tower Penthouse and an L-shaped pedestrian mall. The bank building was demolished in 2002, despite historic district designation, and in the mid-2000s, the shopping centers appearance was changed to make it look more like the Mies townhouses. At all stages in its existence, the shopping center was a significant departure from Mies&#39;s original design, which featured a hat-shaped shopping center with parking adjoining Orleans and now the Dequindre Cut.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the same year the Towers were completed, Mies suffered a bout of arthritis, which progressively worsened until his death and required him to moderate his work.</p><br>
<h3>Cherboneau, Chateaufort, and Regency Court</h3><br>
<p>Roughly contemporaneously with Lafayette Towers, four additional parcels in the Gratiot Redevelopment were developed:</p><br>
<p>Cherboneau North and South were developed by a teacher&#39;s union. Chernoneau South is a complex of conventional garden-style homes. Cherboneau North featured garden-style homes with glass-enclosed walkup stairways between corridors.</p><br>
<p>Chateaufort is a complex of 60 one-storey townhomes arranged around a U-shaped street. Some of the houses are away from and perpendicular to it. The design is a more conventional form of the Mies courtyard house, on a somewhat larger scale. Each has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, and a basement.</p><br>
<p>Regency Court, now Parc Lafayette, designed by Joseph Savin, was initially regaled as the one of the most progressive designs in Lafayette Park, with three-story buildings clustered around a garage decked with a swimming pool. The larger units are two-story units accessible by an underground road and parking structure. Both stories have outward-facing windows, and the top story faces out over the pool. Above those are third-floor walkups. There is an eight-story tower in the complex, off Orleans.</p><br>
<h2>Lafayette Extension</h2><br>
<h3>1300 Lafayette East</h3><br>
<p>In 1960, Morton Scholnick, who had developed Ann Arbors Huron Towers, engaged Gunnar Birkerts, a Latvian-born modern architect, and Frank Straub to design an ultra-luxury apartment building on a site originally projected for a Mies highrise. The original Birkerts site plan included two 30-story towers and several hundred townhouses, connected by a series of underground roads. 1300 Lafayette East, the first part of the development, was the tallest concrete building in Detroit and featured two slabs, offset along a central corridor, giving the illusion of thinness. The structural columns are both irrregular and asymmetrical on the north and the south sides and follow the room boundaries of the bedrooms in units (1-3 bedrooms) and studio apartments. Unlike the Mies structures, 1300 Lafayette East was designed in the New Formal style of modern architecture and so features a subtle gable detail and places the building on a podium, which contains a two-story underground garage, on top of which are trees and a garden space. Consistent with Birkertss design philosophy, no cars are visible from the street.</p><br>
<h3>Navarre Place project</h3><br>
<p>Shortly after the completion of 1300 Lafayette East, Scholnick engaged John Macsai to design Navarre Place. A simplified version of the original Birkerts development, Navarre Place features both projections and recesses from a basic oblong shape: the rear doors, accessible from the street, are inset, and the dining rooms are set out. Remarkably, they were called single-family homes, not co-operatives or condominiums. The design reflects the philosophy of Macsai, who as a Jewish refugee from the Nazis in Hungary, came to believe that privacy was a prime concern in multi-family housing. That brought him into direct conflict with Mies, who disagreed with his philosophy.</p><br>
<p>The civil disturbances of 1967 caused Downtown Detroit development to collapse and arrested the construction of Navarre Place after the north side of the first street had been built. Construction would resume in 1968, and the south side would be built in 1969. Today, a stub road reflects the unrealized additional parallel streets, and the twin tower to 1300 Lafayette East, to be sited at Larned and Rivard, was never started.</p><br>
<h3>Other original developments</h3><br>
<p>Rochdale Court, on a site bounded by Lafayette, Orleans, Ducharme, and Lafayette Central Park, was a senior living development consisting of one-story apartments clustered around central courtyards. It was demolished in 2002 and was developed in 2015-2016 as DuCharme Place, a Bauhaus-inspired complex of four 3-1/2-story apartment buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Central Park Plaza Apartments, to the south of the Rochdale Court site, were designed as A-frame walk-ups of one-and two bedrooms, with several buildings clustered around a swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>The Jean Rivard apartments is a series of three-story apartment buildings set between Larned, Lafayette, the I-375, and Rivard. They are primarily one-story apartments, with some two-story loft units under canted roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent additions</h2><br>
<p>Some years after the original developments were completed, three new developments were constructed on the Lafayette Extension. They are not generally recognized as being part of Lafayette Park but are in its footprint:</p><br>
<p>Carlton Apartments (1971)</p><br>
<p>Palms East Apartments (1974)</p><br>
<p>Ducharme Place (2015)</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>1300 Lafayette East was the most famous part of the development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Its super-luxury positioning resulted in living there becoming a badge of "the good life," with judges, criminals, and local celebrities living there simultaneously. It was the setting for a pivotal scene in Elmore Leonard&#39;s City Primeval, and in 2014, Jewish Ensemble Theater produced an eponymous play.</p><br>
<p>The Pavilion Apartments were the setting for the apartment of Angelo Perino, played by Tommy Lee Jones, in The Betsy, a 1978 adaptation of a Harold Robbins novel about a fictitious family automotive empire.</p><br>
<h2>Skyline</h2><br>
<p>There are 186 one and two-story cooperative townhouses on 18 acres west of the park, built between 1958 and 1960. The complex also includes:</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The community is zoned to Detroit Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>Residents are zoned to Chrysler Elementary School, Created for the children of Lafayette Park and the finest grade school in the DPS system. Bunche K-8 for middle school, and Martin Luther King High School. Previously Duffield K-8 served the community for middle school.</p><br>
<p>Detroit Public Library operates the Elmwood Park Branch Library at 550 Chene. The branch first opened on April 21, 1975 in the Elmwood Park Plaza. The first owners of the shopping plaza included the branch after residents insisted on the inclusion of the library. As of 2009 it is the only branch located in a shopping plaza.</p><br>
<p>Trahern&#39;s Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route in Indian Territory. It was located in what is now Le Flore County, Oklahoma. The station was named for Judge James N. Trahern, the stage agent. Trahern was a Choctaw Indian and a long-time county judge for Skullyville County, Choctaw Nation.</p><br>
<p>Trahern&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001073) in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Shirk, George H. Oklahoma Place Names. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987:.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Murial H. George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Wright, Muriel H., Chronicles of Oklahoma 35:1 (January 1957) 55-71 (accessed August 23, 2006).</p><br>
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<p>Kuwae is a submarine caldera between the Epi and Tongoa islands in Vanuatu. Kuwae Caldera cuts through the flank of the Tavani Ruru volcano on Epi and the northwestern end of Tongoa.</p><br>
<p>The submarine volcano Karua, one of the most active volcanoes of Vanuatu, is near the northern rim of Kuwae Caldera.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Tongoa and Epi islands once formed part of a larger island called Kuwae. Local folklore tells of a cataclysmic eruption that split this island into two smaller islands with an oval 12 x 6 km caldera in between (but the story tells of an eruption south of Tongoa). Collapse associated with caldera formation may have been as much as 1100 m. Around 32–39 km³ of magma was erupted, making the Kuwae eruption one of the largest in the last 10,000 years.</p><br>
<p>In Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, a major eruption or series of eruptions is revealed as a spike in sulfate concentration, showing that the release in form of particles was higher than any other eruption since. The volume of expelled matter is more than six times larger than that of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption and would have caused severe cooling of the entire planet the following three years. The link between the sulphur spike and the Kuwae caldera is questioned in a 2007 study by Károly Németh, et al. proposing the Tofua caldera as an alternative source candidate.</p><br>
<h3>Recent activity</h3><br>
<p>Since the eruption of c. 1452, Kuwae caldera has had several smaller eruptions with VEIs of 0 to 3. The latest confirmed eruption occurred on 4 February 1974 ± 4 days. It had a VEI of 0, and was a submarine eruption that formed a new island.</p><br>
<p>Islands have regularly formed in Kuwae caldera. The 1897–1901 eruption built an island 1 km long and 15 m high. It disappeared within 6 months. The 1948–1949 eruption formed an island and built a cone 1.6 km in diameter and 100 m high. That island also lasted less than one year. All the islands have disappeared from wave action and caldera floor movements. In 1959, the island reappeared for a short time and again in 1971. The last structure remained an island until 1975.</p><br>
<p>Activity at present at Kuwae is confined to intermittent fumarole activity, which stain the water yellow. Over the top of the volcano hydrogen sulfide bubbles reach the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Climatic consequences of 1452–1453 event</h2><br>
<p>The Kuwae eruption has been linked with the second pulse of the Little Ice Age, which had started two centuries earlier with a series of four unidentified eruptions.</p><br>
<p>A study by Dr Kevin Pang of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory drew on evidence found in tree rings, ice cores and in the historic records of civilizations in Europe and China. Oak panels of British portrait paintings had abnormally narrow rings in 1453–55.</p><br>
<p>In Sweden, grain tithes fell to zero as the crops failed; Western US bristlecone pines show frost damage in 1453; and the growth of European and Chinese trees was stunted in 1453–57.</p><br>
<p>According to the history of the Ming Dynasty in China in the spring of 1453, "Nonstop snow damaged wheat crops". Later that year, as the dust obscured the sunlight, "Several feet of snow fell in six provinces; tens of thousands of people froze to death".</p><br>
<p>Early in 1454, "it snowed for 40 days south of the Yangtze River and countless died of cold and famine". Lakes and rivers were frozen, and the Yellow Sea was icebound out to 20 km from shore.</p><br>
<p>The eruption occurred just before the Fall of Constantinople, the last bastion of the once-mighty Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmed II, laid siege to the city on 5 April 1453 and conquered it on 29 May 1453. Pang found mention of the volcano after effects in chronicles of the citys last days. Historians noted the citys gardens, that spring, produced very little. On the night of 22 May 1453, the moon, the symbol of Constantinople, rose in dark eclipse, fulfilling a prophecy of the city&#39;s demise. On 25 May 1453, a thunderstorm burst on the city: "It was impossible to stand up against the hail, and the rain came down in such torrents that whole streets were flooded". The next day, on 26 May 1453, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition that is unknown in that part of the world in that month.</p><br>
<p>When the fog lifted that evening, "flames engulfed the dome of the Hagia Sophia, and lights, too, could be seen from the walls, glimmering in the distant countryside far behind the Turkish camp (to the west)", historians noted. Residents of the city thought the strange light was from reflection from a fire set by the Turkish attackers. Pang said, however, that the "fire" was an optical illusion by the reflection of intensely red twilight glow by clouds of volcanic ash high in the atmosphere. Many such false fire alarms were reported worldwide after the 1883 Krakatoa eruption in Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>Pang said, "I conclude that Kuwae erupted in early 1453.... The residual volcanic cloud could have made the apocalyptic June 1456 apparition of the Comet Halley look red with a golden tail, as reported by contemporary astronomers".</p><br>
<p>The Central Russian Upland  is an upland area of the East European Plain and is an undulating plateau with an average elevation of 230 –. It highest peak is measured at 293 m. The southeastern portion of the upland known as the Kalach Upland. The Central Upland is built of Precambrian deposits of the crystalline Voronezh Massif.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It spans approximately 180,000 miles² (480,000 km²) in southern European Russia northeast of Ukraine, extending from the Oka river to the Donets river. The upland stretches across number of regions in Ukraine and the European portion of Russian Federation. Its north and northwest borders are considered to be Oka River and an imaginary line Kaluga-Ryazan. To the southeast towards the Donets River, the upland changes into the Donets Lowland. To the east its natural border is defined by the Oka-Don Lowland and to the west there is the Dnieper Lowland. Most of the upland lies within the borders of Russia, hence its name.</p><br>
<h3>Regions</h3><br>
<p>* Sumy Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Kharkiv Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Luhansk Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Kursk Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Belgorod Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Bryansk Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Voronezh Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Rostov Oblast</p><br>
<p>* Oryol Oblast</p><br>
<h2>Tectonics</h2><br>
<p>The Voronezh Massif is part of the East European Craton and southwesterly descends towards the Dnieper-Donets Through (Depression) which along with Prypiat Through forms the Prypiat-Dniper-Donets aulacogen. Most of the Voronezh Massif is covered with thin layers of sedimentary deposits of the Devonian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Paleogene periods. In the southeast along the Don River between the cities of Boguchar and Pavlovsk (both in Voronezh Oblast) the crystalline layers come to the surface. On all sides of the upland the Precambrian deposits descend far below the sedimentary layers. A small part of the upland in the northwest was covered with a glacier during the Dnieper glaciation. Today almost all of the upland is covered with loess and loessial loams.</p><br>
<p>San Miguel de Asile was a Spanish Franciscan mission built in the early 17th century in the Florida Panhandle, near the present-day town of Lamont, Florida. It was part of Spain&#39;s effort to colonize the region, and convert the Timucua and Apalachee people to Christianity. The mission served a local chiefdom of the Timucua people known as the Yustaga. It lasted until the first decade of the 18th century, when it was destroyed, possibly by Creek Indians and the English.</p><br>
<p>The site where the mission stood was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 17, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site was first discovered and investigated by B. Calvin Jones between 1968 and 1972. Jones concluded that the site was that of San Miguel de Asile. More recent archaeological work and research by Alissa Slade casts doubt on Joness theory. Slades research indicates the site was not San Miguel de Asile, a Timucuan mission, but rather an Apalachee mission, possibly San Lorenzo de Ivitachuco.</p><br>
<p>White Scar Caves is a show cave in the civil parish of Ingleton, North Yorkshire, England, under Ingleborough in the Chapel-le-Dale valley of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is a solutional resurgence cave formed in Carboniferous limestone, some 6 km long.</p><br>
<p>It was first explored in August 1923 by two amateur geologists, Christopher Long and J.H. Churchill, but further discoveries have been made since then including The Battlefield, at 90 m long it is one of the largest known cave chambers in Great Britain. Originally accessed through a vertical boulder choke, an access tunnel has been cut to include it on the visitor trail.</p><br>
<p>It is open as a show cave, the entrance being from the Ribblehead to Ingleton road on the west of Ingleborough, with tours being run throughout the year. The visitor facilities include a shop and café.</p><br>
<p>Mount Shavano is a high mountain summit in the southern Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,235 ft fourteener is located in San Isabel National Forest, 10.5 km north by west  of the community of Maysville in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The mountain was named in honor of Ute Chief Shavano.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Mount Shavano lies just east of the Continental Divide and just west of the Arkansas River rising 7,200 feet above the town of Salida in Chaffee County to the southeast. Mount Shavano lies in the south-central part of the Sawatch Range, north of Mount Ouray and Mount Chipeta and south of the Collegiate Peaks (including Mount Princeton, Mount Harvard, and Mount Yale). Mount Shavano is famous for the Angel of Shavano, a snow formation in the image of an angel that emerges on the east face of the mountain during snow melt each spring.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Mount Chavanaux</p><br>
<p>Mount Shavano – 1981</p><br>
<p>Mount Usher</p><br>
<p>Shavano Peak – 1906</p><br>
<p>Patapsco Female Institute  is a former girls&#39; boarding school, now a partially rebuilt historical site, located on Church Road in Ellicott City, Maryland, United States. The grounds are home to popular outdoor theatrical performances by The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company. In the 1930s the Institute was also known as "Warwick".</p><br>
<p>The Patapsco Female Institute was chartered in January 1834. It was designed by architect Robert Cary Long, Jr. and built by Charles Timanus, who also built the Court House. It opened on January 1, 1837 as a girls&#39; finishing school; it remained in operation until 1891.</p><br>
<p>The granite faced school sized for 100 students was built on 12 acres of land in Ellicotts Mills for a cost of $27,000. The hillside building was close to the new B&O railroad terminal and turnpike roads. A waterworks, greenhouse, servants quarters, and facilities for male teachers were built on the grounds. Classes consisted of Latin, mathematics, music, religion, and philosophy. A Normal school program was instituted with students providing labor to reduce tuition. Profit was gained from boarding fees and textbook sales.</p><br>
<p>Between 1841 and 1855, the school was operated by Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps. Phelps, a northerner and Union supporter relocated to a slave state, accepted students from both the North and the South in order to encourage friendship between the two sections of the country. In 1864, Phelps wrote of the "fatal curse" of slavery and a present "obscure, dimmed with the tears which fall from mourners eyes throughout the land." During Phelps tenure, the school expanded from six teachers with forty one students to eight teachers and nine staff with seventy students. In 1852, the State removed funding for the school and a board of directors was established with Judge Thomas Beale Dorsey presiding. In 1856, Robert Archer became manager of the school, serving until 1879. During the Civil War, the 12th New Jersey Infantry Regiment camped near the Institutes grounds in 1862 while guarding the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad against the Confederacy&#39;s advance.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, it was purchased by a James E. Tyson. The last manager of the school was Sarah N. Randolph until 1896 when the board of directors sold the declining school. It was converted to a summer hotel called the Burg Alnwick Hotel. Fourteen years later, in 1905, it was purchased by a Miss Lilly Tyson and turned into a private home. In 1917, during the First World War, the building was called into service as a hospital. It was fitted with 50 beds to accommodate wounded veterans returning to the States. In later years, the building was used as a theater and again as a private residence. In 1938, the Howard County School board considered the site for a new school. The guests of the Burg Alnick Hotel used the grounds for shooting clay pigeons. In 1958, the property was sold to the final resident, Dr. Whisman for use as a nursing home. Howard county made a demand of the owner to remove all wood from the structure to prevent fires, including the roof, floors and paneling leaving the institute in a permanent state of ruins. The property was willed to Dr. Whisman&#39;s Alma-mater, the University of Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the County considered buying the eight acre property again as parkland from the University of Cincinnati using a news transfer tax for school and park projects. It was purchased for $17,500 by the County soon after. Since 1966 the building has been under the care of the Friends of the Patapsco Institute; it has been stabilized and partially restored, and the grounds fenced in to limit public access. The county finance director declared the building unrestorable, but budgeted $1.7 million to convert the area around it to a park.</p><br>
<p>The Patapsco Female Institute is rumored to be haunted by the ghost of a young woman named Annie Van Derlot who died of pneumonia while attending school there. While this claim is popular among ghost hunters, there is no record of an Annie Van Derlot ever attending the Institute.</p><br>
<p>The Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga River, usually shortened to Sycamore Shoals, is a rocky stretch of river rapids along the Watauga River in Elizabethton, Tennessee. Archeological excavations have found Native Americans lived near the shoals since prehistoric times, and Cherokees gathered there. As Europeans began settling the Trans-Appalachian frontier, the shoals proved strategic militarily, as well as shaped the economies of Tennessee and Kentucky. Today, the shoals are protected as a National Historic Landmark and are maintained as part of Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>Explorer James Robertson (later a founder of Nashville) identified the alluring flatlands at Sycamore Shoals, known as the Watauga Old Fields, in 1770, and led a group of colonists to the area shortly thereafter. In 1772, the Watauga settlers established the Watauga Association, one of the first constitutional governments west of the Appalachian Mountains and the "germ-cell" of what would later become the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In 1775, Richard Henderson and Daniel Boone negotiated the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, in which Henderson&#39;s Transylvania Company purchased a large part of modern Kentucky and part of Tennessee from the Cherokee. The following year, the Watauga settlers successfully thwarted one arm of a Cherokee invasion at Fort Watauga in a struggle that saw the creation of numerous legends surrounding figures such as Nancy Ward and John Sevier. In 1780, at the height of the American Revolutionary War, the frontier militia known as the Overmountain Men mustered at Sycamore Shoals as it prepared to march across the mountains en route to victory over British loyalists at the Battle of Kings Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Sycamore Shoals is located at just over 23 mi upstream from the mouth of the Watauga River, and approximately 3 mi downstream from the river&#39;s confluence with the Doe River and 11 mi downstream from Wilbur Dam. While managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, the shoals are located within the municipal boundaries of Elizabethton. Beyond the shoals, the Watauga flows for another 8 mi before entering its Boone Lake impoundment.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory and early history</h3><br>
<p>Excavations in the flats around Sycamore Shoals have uncovered evidence of significant habitation dating back to the Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.) and continuing sporadically through much of the Mississippian period (ca. 900–1600 A.D.). In 1567, a contingent of the Juan Pardo expedition passed through the Nolichucky River valley to the south and attacked a fortified Chisca village (the village was probably located between modern Jonesborough and Erwin). By the late 17th century, the Mississippian-period inhabitants had largely vanished, and had been replaced by the Cherokee, who used Sycamore Shoals as a gathering place and hunting camp.</p><br>
<p>By the 1760s, long hunters such as Julius Dugger and Andrew Greer were operating stations in the Watauga Valley in the vicinity of Sycamore Shoals. In 1769, William Bean, known traditionally as Tennessees first permanent white settler, built a cabin at the confluence of Boones Creek and the Watauga, about 15 mi downstream from the Shoals. Around the same time, John Honeycut was operating out of a hut at the mouth of Roan Creek (about 20 miles upstream from the Shoals, now part of Watauga Lake). Early hunters and explorers called the flats around Sycamore Shoals the Watauga "Old Fields," as they were full of cane rather than trees, resembling once-cultivated fields that had for years lain fallow.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement</h3><br>
<p>In the Spring of 1770, James Robertson, possibly fleeing the turmoil created by the Regulator Movement in his home state of North Carolina, made an excursion into the Watauga Valley. He met John Honeycut, who pointed him to the Old Fields. Robertson later described the Old Fields as a "Promised Land" where fertile fields had already been cleared of the dense forest that dominated most lands in the region. Robertson planted crops and built a small cabin and corn crib on the north bank of the confluence to both the Watauga River and the Doe River and then returned to North Carolina to notify family and friends of his discovery. In late 1770 or early 1771, Robertson returned to the Old Fields with sixteen families in tow. Robertson&#39;s settlement, which became known as the Watauga Settlement, grew quickly.</p><br>
<p>The Watauga settlers believed (or claimed to have believed) that they were on lands that were part of the British domain, as the Watauga River is part of the watershed of the Holston River, the latter being established as the boundary between British and Cherokee lands by the 1770 Treaty of Lochaber. In 1771, however, a survey by John Donelson discovered that the Watauga settlements, along with the nearby Nolichucky settlement and an area east of Long Island of the Holston known as Carter&#39;s Valley, were on lands still claimed by the Cherokee. British Superintendent of Indian Affairs John Stuart thus ordered the Watauga settlers to vacate the valley and return to British territory.</p><br>
<h3>The Watauga Association</h3><br>
<p>In 1772, the Watauga settlers, hoping to keep control of the land they had been developing, sent James Robertson and James Bean to Chota, where they negotiated a 10-year lease for the lands in the Watauga Valley. Being outside the authority of the Virginia and North Carolina colonial governments, the settlers lacked any official means of dealing with criminals and carrying out basic government functions, such as registering land deeds. Thus, in May 1772, the settlers drafted the Articles of the Watauga Association— one of the first written constitutions west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Watauga Association consisted of a five-man court that held sessions in a courthouse at Sycamore Shoals. The Association is often considered the root of state government in Tennessee, especially since many Wataugans went on to play prominent roles in the failed State of Franklin in the 1780s and in the Southwest Territory and Tennessee state governments in the 1790s. While later writers such as USA President Theodore Roosevelt romanticized the Watauga Association as a microcosm of the American Revolution, modern historians point out that the Wataugans never claimed to be independent of the British Crown, and tried to associate themselves with Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Treaty of Sycamore Shoals</h3><br>
<p>The defeat of the Shawnee in Lord Dunmores War in 1774 emboldened land speculators in North Carolina, who believed much of what is now Kentucky and Tennessee would soon be under British control. One such speculator, Richard Henderson (1734–1785), learned from his friend Daniel Boone that the Cherokee were interested in selling a large part of their land on the Trans-Appalachian frontier, and Henderson quickly set up negotiations with Cherokee leaders. Between March 14 and March 17, 1775, Henderson, Boone, and several associates met at Sycamore Shoals with Cherokee leaders Attakullakulla, Oconastota, Willanawaw, Doublehead and Dragging Canoe, the latter of whom sought unsuccessfully to reject Hendersons purchase of tribal lands outside the Donelson line, and departed the conference vowing to turn the lands "dark and bloody" if settlers attempted to settle upon them. The rest of the negotiations went fairly smoothly, however, and the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was signed on March 17, 1775. At the same conference, the Watauga and Nolichucky settlers negotiated similar purchases for their lands.</p><br>
<p>The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, sometimes called the "Transylvania Purchase" (after Hendersons Transylvania Company, which had raised money for the endeavor), basically consisted of two parts. The first, known as the "Path Grant Deed", regarded the Transylvania Companys purchase of lands in Southwest Virginia (including parts of what is now West Virginia) and northeastern Tennessee. The second part, known as the "Great Grant," acknowledged the Transylvania Company&#39;s purchase of some 20,000,000 acre of land between the Kentucky River and Cumberland River, which included a large portion of modern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. The Transylvania Company paid for the land with 10,000 pounds sterling of trade goods. After the treaty was signed, Boone proceeded northward to blaze the Wilderness Road, connecting the Transylvania Purchase lands with the Holston settlements.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Watauga</h3><br>
<p>The Transylvania Purchase and the accompanying Watauga and Nolichucky purchases violated the Royal Proclamation of 1763, and the Virginia and North Carolina assemblies rejected their legality. At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in the months after the treaty was signed, the settlers aligned themselves with the colonies, whereas the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British. The Watauga and Nolichucky settlers organized themselves into the "Washington District" and formed a Committee of Safety, which set out to purchase arms and ammunition. The Committee also oversaw the construction of various forts, including Fort Caswell (later called Fort Watauga) at Sycamore Shoals.</p><br>
<p>In July 1776, the Cherokee invaded the Nolichucky, Holston, and Watauga settlements. Although the settlers were chased out of Carter&#39;s Valley and the Nolichucky valley, the Holston settlers managed to thwart Dragging Canoe at the Battle of Island Flats (at modern Kingsport) on July 20. The following day, a Cherokee contingent led by Old Abraham of Chilhowee reached Fort Watauga. The Wataugans, led by John Carter, James Robertson, and John Sevier, were well-prepared, having been warned of the invasion by Nancy Ward. Ward also used her powers as a Cherokee Beloved Woman to spare the life of Lydia Russell Bean (wife of early settler William Bean), who had been captured during the invasion and had been sentenced to be burned at the stake. The Cherokee laid siege to Fort Watauga for about two weeks before retreating. A relief force led by William Christian arrived at Fort Watauga a few weeks later and attacked the Overhill towns. The following year, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Long Island, ceding the Sycamore Shoals area to the United States.</p><br>
<h3>The Overmountain Men</h3><br>
<p>In 1776, the Washington District sent a petition to the North Carolina Assembly asking to be annexed. In November of that year, North Carolina agreed, and the district was admitted to the state as Washington County. Washington County militiamen, who along with the Holston and Southwest Virginia militiamen comprised a frontier militia known as the Overmountain Men, took part in various engagements throughout the war, including the Siege of Charleston (historian Samuel Cole Williams dubbed the sieges Washington County participants the first "volunteers" of Tennessee) and the Battle of Musgrove Mill. In late 1780, Major Patrick Ferguson led an army of loyalists into the Appalachian Mountains to cover Cornwallis invasion of North Carolina. Ferguson sent a message to the frontiersmen in Southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee, ordering them to give up their arms or face destruction.</p><br>
<p>On September 25, a force of 400 Virginians led by William Campbell, 240 Sullivan Countians led by Isaac Shelby, and 240 Washington Countians led by John Sevier gathered at Sycamore Shoals. After being supplied with food, money, and gunpowder by locals, the force marched across the Appalachian Mountains, linking up with several North Carolina and South Carolina militias along the way. On October 7, the Overmountain Men engaged and defeated Ferguson&#39;s loyalists at the Battle of Kings Mountain. The Overmountain Men suffered less than 100 casualties while killing 157 in the loyalist force (including Ferguson), wounding 163, and capturing another 698. The victory forced Cornwallis to temporarily abandon his invasion of North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park</h2><br>
<p>In the 20th century, various entities began to acknowledge the importance of Sycamore Shoals in the history of Tennessee and the Trans-Appalachian frontier. In 1909, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed an obelisk, constructed from local river rock and set on a concrete base, at the intersection of West G Street and Monument Place in Elizabethton, one half-mile from the mouth of Gap Creek at Watauga River, where Tennessee historian J. G. M. Ramsey recorded within his Annals of Tennessee as where Fort Watauga had once stood.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Sycamore Shoals was designated a National Historic Landmark, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. As part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations, the state of Tennessee decided to reconstruct Fort Watauga. The state purchased Sycamore Shoals, a small island within the shoals, and an undeveloped stretch of land along the south bank of the Watauga River for the reconstructed fort and the accompanying state park that would interpret it and maintain the shoals. Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park opened in 1975. In 1980, the USA Congress appropriated funds for the creation of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, which connects Sycamore Shoals with Kings Mountain National Military Park.</p><br>
<p>Today, Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park hosts various annual reenactments regarding the siege of Fort Watauga and the mustering of the Overmountain Men. A walking trail follows the south bank of the Watauga, allowing easy access to the Sycamore Shoals, with various interpretive signs explaining the various historical events along the way. In recent years, the relatively low waters along the shoals (which are easy to wade across) have become a popular spot for fly fishing.</p><br>
<p>Šolta  is an island in Croatia. It is situated in the Adriatic Sea in the central Dalmatian archipelago, west of the island of Brač, south of Split  and east of the Drvenik islands, Drvenik Mali and Drvenik Veli . Its area is 58.98 km</p><br>
<p>and it has a population of 1,700.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak of Šolta is the summit Vela Straža which is 236 metres high. On the north-eastern coast of the island there are the large bays of Rogač and Nečujam. In the western part of the interior of Šolta there is a field approximately 6 km long and 2 km wide.</p><br>
<p>The economy of the island is based on vineyards, olives, fruit, fishing and tourism. While the main settlements (Grohote, Gornje Selo, Srednje Selo, Donje Selo) are inland, the main fishing centres are Maslinica, which is exposed to only north-westerly winds, making it a good shelter for smaller boats. Rogač is the main port and Nečujam the centre of the island’s tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Hurricane of 1928 African American Mass Burial Site  is a paupers cemetery and mass grave in West Palm Beach, Florida. It is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The cemetery is situated near the junction of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue between I-95 and USA Route 1. The site is the location in which 674 bodies of African Americans or those of an unknown race were buried following the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, while most of the white victims of the storm received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery, due to segregation laws.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1913, the property of the pauper&#39;s cemetery currently includes approximately 1.03 acres of land. Although the site is located at the southwest corner of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue, 25th Street was paved above the northern portion of the mass grave in the 1950s, unearthing a number of bodies in the process.</p><br>
<p>After the 1928 hurricane, the bodies buried at that location became mostly forgotten by the public. The city of West Palm Beach sold the land and it continued to change ownership into the 1980s. Beginning in 1991, a movement to convince the city of West Palm Beach to repurchase the property began, which succeeded in December 2000. On September 12, 2002, it was added to the US National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Hurricane of 1928 African American Mass Burial Site is located in West Palm Beach, Florida, at the southwest corner of the intersection of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue. Originally, the pauper&#39;s cemetery was composed of approximately 12 acres, but portions of the property were sold. Additionally, 25th Street was redirected to pass through the cemetery. The property today contains about 1.03 acres of land. The property is dotted with several pillars reading "1928" and a historical marker, which was erected in 2003. There are also sidewalks, trees, and benches.</p><br>
<p>The bodies were buried in two layers in a now completely fence-enclosed 40 by area, which is located near the northeast corner of the pauper&#39;s cemetery, close to 25th Street and about 145 ft west of Tamarind Avenue. However, the parcel of land containing the bodies extended farther north prior to the 25th Street, which moved southeastward-to-northwestward until becoming an east-to-west street in the 1950s. A larger fence, approximately 40 by, surrounds the inner fence and mass burial parcel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment of the cemetery and 1928 hurricane</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, the city of West Palm Beach set aside land for cemeteries. Three acres each were reserved for a Palm Beach County paupers cemetery, a city paupers cemetery, a pest house, and a paupers house - 12 acres in total. The city pauper cemetery, the future location of the mass burial site, was located at the southwest corner of Tamarind Avenue and 25th Street, which moved northwest to southeast at the time. In 1917, the county established a paupers cemetery near modern-day intersection of 45th Street and Australian Avenue. However, a portion of the property was sold to a slaughterhouse in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane caused at least 2,500 deaths, most of which were migrant, black farmer workers around Lake Okeechobee. Due to racial segregation at the time, the coffins provided were used for the white victims, most of whom received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery in West Palm Beach. The bodies of the black people who were killed, and some of those whose race could not be identified, were disposed of by other means. Some were burned in funeral pyres, while many were placed into mass graves, including about 1,600 in Port Mayaca, 674 at the paupers cemetery in West Palm Beach, at least 22 in Miami Locks (now known as Lake Harbor), 28 in Ortona, and 22 in Sebring. There were also unconfirmed reports of bodies buried in Loxahatchee. After the burials were complete, then-Mayor of West Palm Beach Vincent Oaksmith proclaimed an hour of mourning on October 1 for those who died during the storm. A funeral service was hosted by several local clergymen. Roughly 3,000 people attended, including educator and civil rights activist Mary McLeod Bethune. A memorial was placed at Woodlawn Cemetery in memory of the victims of the storm, but no such marker was placed at the paupers cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>After the hurricane</h3><br>
<p>Those buried were largely forgotten, despite reports of human remains resurfacing over the years, including during the rerouting of 25th Street in the 1950s, which resulted in the unearthing of several bodies. In 1957, the city of West Palm Beach sold a section of the burial grounds to a sewage disposal plant, but the property changed ownership again in the 1980s when the city exchanged the land for property on 23rd street, just to the south of the grounds and where a church was located. After some deed restrictions were lifted in 1985,</p><br>
<p>The public remained mostly unaware of mass burials on the site until the 1990s, until the Sankofa Society conducted a well-publicized blessing ceremony in 1991. Kolkana refused to sell or donate the land back to the city of West Palm Beach, but halted any plans for construction on the property. In 1992, city work crews located human remains on the property using a backhoe. The bones were reburied, but their locations were marked. Resident Robert Hazard established the Storm of &#39;28 Memorial Park Coalition in 1999 as a non-profit organization used to reacquire the land and solicit donations for a memorial complex. The complex was originally intended to include an educational center and a museum about African American pioneers and migrant farm workers, at a cost of approximately $6.1 million. Organizations such as the Sankofa Society proposed a less sophisticated plan of erecting an information wall and a large marble headstone, at a far less expensive cost of about $43,000.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, a Miami-based technology company was hired by the city of West Palm Beach to conduct a ground-penetrating radar survey covering a 200 ft by 200 ft area. The team performed the assessment with a subsurface interface radar, which was used to determine the locations of the bodies. The report of the survey indicated that a 70 ft by 30 ft trench was dug for disposal of the bodies, however the extension of 25th street "unearthed random bodies from the old pauper&#39;s cemetery, and it ran right through the north end of the mass grave trench." Additionally, according to the survey, the bodies were buried in two layers.</p><br>
<h3>Re-acquisition by the city of West Palm Beach</h3><br>
<p>City Commissioner Alfred Zucaro urged then-West Palm Beach mayor Joel Daves in September 2000 to reacquire the land using eminent domain. This would allow the city to receive the land for its appraised value of only $1,000 without consent from Kolkana. On September 11, four of the five city commissioners &ndash; Jim Exline, Ike Robinson, Bill Moss, and Zucaro &ndash; voted in approval of eminent domain after failures to negotiate with Kolkana and accusations of racism. The fifth commissioner, Mary Brandenburg, was absent.</p><br>
<p>Buckton Castle is a medieval enclosure castle near Carrbrook, Stalybridge, England. It was surrounded by a 2.8 m wide stone curtain wall and a ditch 10 m wide and 6 m deep. Buckton is one of the earliest stone castles in North West England.</p><br>
<p>The castle was probably constructed in the 12th century but fell out of use soon after. It is first mentioned in 1360 and by then it was lying derelict. The small number of finds retrieved during archaeological investigation of the site indicates that Buckton Castle may not have been completed.</p><br>
<p>In the 16th century, the site was used as a beacon for the Pilgrimage of Grace. During the 18th century, the castle was of interest to treasure hunters following rumours that gold and silver had been discovered at Buckton. The site was used as an anti-aircraft decoy site in the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Between 1996 and 2010 Buckton Castle was investigated by archaeologists, first the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit then the University of Salford&#39;s Centre for Applied Archaeology as part of the Tameside Archaeology Survey. More than 60 volunteers were involved in the project. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and close to the Buckton Vale Quarry. The castle is overgrown with heather and peat, and there are no above-ground ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Buckton Castle lies 335 m above sea level on Buckton Hill, a steep sandstone ridge. To the south and west are the valleys of the Carr Brook and River Tame respectively. Buckton Vale Quarry is close to the east of the castle. Stalybridge is about 4 km south-west of the site. To the north and north east of the castle are areas of moorland with heather and peat.</p><br>
<p>The castle&#39;s positioning may have been to allow its garrison to guard the Tame Valley; both castle and valley were in the medieval manor of Tintwistle. A manor was a division of land and administered by a Lord of the Manor or his representative; in the case of Tintwistle, it was part of the larger lordship of Longdendale.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages, Buckton Castle was at the eastern end of Cheshire. The county shared its western border with Wales. Compared to Herefordshire and Shropshire, which were also on the Anglo-Welsh border, Cheshire has far fewer castles per square mile. Most of the county&#39;s castles are close to the western border, and the eastern parts of Cheshire were amongst the poorest. Cheshire is a mostly lowland area, and Beeston is the only other castle as pronounced from the surrounding landscape. Hilltop castles in the area (which include Buckton, Beeston, Halton, and Mold) are "predominantly a symbol of significant offensive and elite personal power in these landscapes".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and use</h3><br>
<p>Paleoenvironmental evidence shows that between the 9th and 11th centuries the area around Buckton Castle was cleared of woodland. This left little timber, and may have factored into the use of stone as a building material. The earliest castles in England typically used timber, at least when they were first built, and building in stone was more expensive than earth and timber. It became more common to use stone in 12th-century castles, and Buckton is amongst the earliest masonry castles in North West England.</p><br>
<p>There are three identifiable periods of medieval activity at Buckton Castle: the initial construction phase, which resulted in the creation of the ditch and the building of the curtain wall and gatehouse; the re-cutting of the ditch and further building work behind the curtain wall; and finally deliberate demolition (slighting). The castle is first mentioned in 1360, and little datable material has been recovered from the site &ndash; four sherds of Pennine Gritty Ware broadly dated to the late 12th century.</p><br>
<p>As is the case with many castles – especially of the 12th century – there is no record of how much it cost to build Buckton Castle. However, based on comparison to Peveril Castle in Derbyshire, where construction of the keep in 1175&ndash;1177 cost £184 according to the Pipe Rolls, it is estimated that the work at Buckton would have cost around £100. This was close to the median annual income for a baron in 1200.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that the castle was built by one of the earls of Chester, partly because of the cost and partly because Cheshire was a palatine county and the earl had authority over who was permitted to build castles. The earls were involved in the civil war of King Stephen’s reign in the middle of the 12th century commonly known as the Anarchy and the revolt against Henry II in 1173&ndash;74, both of which may have prompted castle building. Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester wanted control of the earldom of Carlisle but during the Anarchy it and much of northern England come under Scottish control. The construction of Buckton Castle may have been to safeguard Cheshire. These civil wars and rebellions would also have provided a context for the deliberate destruction of the castle. Alternatively the castle could have been built by William de Neville when he held the lordship of Longdendale under the earl of Chester between 1181 and 1186, though he may not have had the financial means to do so.</p><br>
<p>The dearth of artefacts recovered from Buckton Castle, and the lack of finely finished stonework, might indicate that the site was never finished, however the re-cutting of the ditch suggests either an extended period of occupancy of abandonment followed by repairs to the fortifications.</p><br>
<h3>Later history and investigation</h3><br>
<p>An estate survey from 1360 recorded that "there is one ruined castle called Buckeden and of no value". At the time, the lordship of Longdendale was the property of Edward, the Black Prince, and the castle lay derelict. The site of the castle may have been used as a beacon in the 16th century, first during the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536&ndash;37, and later in the 1580s when the country was under threat of invasion. This usage may have been reprised in 1803 when a beacon hut is recorded near Mossley.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century, people began treasure hunting at Buckton Castle, and in 1767 there were reports that one such venture had discovered a gold necklace and a silver vessel, though these artefacts have since been lost. This prompted the interest of local antiquarians and several visited in the 18th and 19th centuries, often drawing plans of Buckton Castle. In the 20th century it was suggested that the castle may have been an Iron Age hillfort, however a study of hillforts in Cheshire and Lancashire found that Buckton Castle was topographically different from these sites. Excavation in the 1990s demonstrated that the site was medieval, with no sign of earlier activity. It was also suggested that the castle was a ringwork – a type of fortification where earthworks formed an integral part of the defence. However, this was before archaeologists established that the first phase of the castle was a curtain wall and the earthworks seen today are the result of the collapse of the structure. Buckton is now considered to be an enclosure castle, with stone walls forming the key defence.</p><br>
<p>Since 1924, the castle has been designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument which is intended to protect important archaeological sites from change. During the Second World War Starfish sites were built as decoys for bombing raids. Nine were built around Manchester, including one close to Buckton Castle. At this time a brick hut was built over part of the castle ditch. The Starfish site went out of use in 1943.</p><br>
<p>The Tameside Archaeology Survey began in 1990, carried out by the University of Manchester Archaeology Unit with more than £500,000 of funding from Tameside Council; £300,000 of this was directed towards the excavations at Buckton Castle. A topographical survey and trial excavations were carried out in 1996 and 1998 to record the castle earthworks and examine the possible outer bailey. As a result, the possible outer bailey was revealed to be a 20th-century feature and was probably related to nearby mining activity. On two occasions (1999 and 2002) illegal digging by unknown parties necessitated remedial work and test pitting. In 2007 full-scale excavations at Buckton Castle began with the aim of establishing the date and history of the site. Across three seasons &ndash; 2007, 2008, and 2010 &ndash; trenches were opened across the ditch, the northern entrance, the gap in the circuit of earthworks on the south side, the interior, and the curtain wall.</p><br>
<p>The University of Manchester Archaeological Unit closed in July 2009, and the Tameside Archaeology Survey, along with the work at Buckton Castle, was transferred to the new Centre for Applied Archaeology at the University of Salford. Brian Grimsditch directed the excavations throughout. More than 60 volunteers were involved in the excavations between 2007 and 2010, including the Tameside Archaeological Society, the South Trafford Archaeological Group, and the South Manchester Archaeological Research Team as well as university students.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>Buckton is a small highland enclosure castle with a 2.8 m thick sandstone curtain wall. It is roughly oval and measures 35.6 by, covering an area of 730 m&sup2;. The castle is surrounded by a 10 m wide ditch apart from the south-west part where the steep slope of the hill makes the ditch unnecessary. When the ditch was created some of the material was used to raise the interior of the castle by 1.5 m.</p><br>
<p>Buckton is similar in size to Clitheroe Castle&#39;s inner enclosure which is also oval (31.8 by) and has a 2.6 m thick curtain wall. Clitheroe was also built on a rocky peak and the small size of its great tower may be due to its naturally defendable position and location in an economically deprived area.</p><br>
<p>Buckton Castle was entered through a gatehouse in the north-west. It is 9.3 m wide and 7.5 m deep. The east side was occupied by the gatepassage and the west a chamber. Though the structure no longer survives above ground, it was probably at least two-storeys tall originally. Constructed in the mid- to late-12th century, Buckton’s gatehouse is the earliest in North West England. There are six stone gatehouses in the region which were built in the 12th or 13th century: Buckton, Egremont, Brough, Clitheroe, Carlisles inner gatehouse, and the Agricola Tower at Chester. They are broadly similar in size, and take the form of a gatepassage piercing a single tower with rooms in the floors above. Bucktons gatehouse differs slightly in having the passage offset to one side.</p><br>
<p>In the 1770s, antiquarian Thomas Percival recorded a well within the castle, close to the south curtain, and walls of buildings inside the castle still standing to a height of 2 m. A plan created by the Saddleworth Geological Society in 1842 recorded a ruined structure within the castles south-east area in addition to the well noted by Percival. Trenches in the castles interior did not find the structures on the plans from the 18th and 19th centuries, though the discovery of a posthole indicates there was activity in this area. A gap in the southern part of the curtain wall – not evident in the 1842 plan by the Saddleworth Geological Society – is likely due to robbing activity in the 19th century. There is a spoil heap-like feature immediately west of the castle, consisting of pieces of sandstone. This may have been a by-product from the construction of the castle. Today, nothing remains of Buckton Castle above ground and until the late 20th century the overgrowth disguised the fact that it was a stone structure.</p><br>
<p>The Warm Mineral Springs is a water-filled sinkhole located in North Port, Florida, a mile north of USA 41. The primary water supply is a spring vent deep beneath the pool&#39;s water surface. Warm Mineral Springs is the only warm water mineral spring in the State of Florida. It is an important geological and archaeological site containing Native American remnants. It functioned as a small natural spa since the 1960s. People travel from all over the world to soak in the mineral-rich waters. The waters are believed to have extraordinary healing powers and some believe it was the fountain of youth sought by Ponce de Leon. It was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1977. The springs re-opened for swimming only on April 12, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Warm Mineral Springs is a sinkhole formed in carbonate rock by the collapse of the roof of a cavern 30,000 years ago. The land surrounding the sinkhole is flat, and about 3 m above mean sea level. The circular opening of the sinkhole at the current water level is 72 m across. The sinkhole is 70 m deep, and is shaped roughly like an hourglass. The opening narrows to 48 m across a few meters below the surface of the water. About 13 m below the surface the opening widens for a short space, forming a ledge under an overhang. The opening narrows to 38 m across at 30 m below the surface, and then opens up again, reaching 72 m across at the bottom of the sinkhole. Debris from the collapsed roof and sides of the sink, and other material that has fallen into the sink, forms a large cone at the bottom, rising to 38 m below the surface of the water.</p><br>
<p>The environment in Florida during the Pleistocene period was much different than today. Due to the enormous amount of water frozen in ice sheets during the last glacial period, the sea level was at least 100 m lower than it is today. Florida had about twice the land area of today, its water table was much lower, and its climate was cooler and much drier. There were few running rivers or springs in the part of Florida that is now above sea level. The few water sources in the interior of Florida were rain-fed lakes and water holes perched on relatively impervious deposits of marl and deep sinkholes partially filled by springs, such as Warm Mineral Springs. The water level in the sinkhole 12,000 years ago was about 30 m lower that it is today. Dripstone (stalactites and stalagmites) has formed on the walls of Warm Mineral Springs down to about 30 m below the present level of the water, indicating that the water level in the sinkhole was at least low long enough for the dripstone to form.</p><br>
<p>Although there are many small freshwater springs in the walls of the sinkhole, the primary source is a vent 63 m below the surface of the water which discharges an estimated 20,000,000 USAgal a day of warm mineralized water. The water has a high content of dissolved chloride (1,600 to 1,700 milligrams per liter ) and hydrogen sulfide (9,200 to 9,600 mg/l), and essentially no dissolved oxygen. The source of the water is uncertain. The water enters the sinkhole at the 63 m level from a conduit that extends with several turns to a point 53 m from the entrance and 67 m below the surface of the water. The conduit has an elliptical shape, about 1 m high by 3 m wide, for much of its length. At the far end the conduit opens up into two small caverns. Most of the flow appears to enter through the floor of the last cavern. Between 5,000,000 USAgal and 7,000,000 USAgal a day overflows from the sinkhole.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1950s William Royal and other scuba divers found artifacts and human bones from at least seven individuals in Warm Mineral Springs. A partially burned log found in association with some of the human bones was radiocarbon dated to about 10,000 years ago. If the bones were the same age as the log, then the bones were the oldest known evidence of human occupation in Florida at the time. Bone artifacts recovered in association with the human bones were described as of "Archaic period in the Americas-type". The bones and artifacts were apparently deposited above the water level in the sinkhole at the time.</p><br>
<p>One skull recovered from under sediment about 40 ft under the present water level in the sinkhole contained organic matter. Hospital medical staff who examined the contents of the skull observed that it looked like a brain. One doctor reported that he could distinguish the cerebellum from pieces of the cerebrum. A section through the material also appeared to show grey and white matter. Tests were consistent with the material being brain matter, but no cellular structure could be observed.</p><br>
<p>The property, which was privately owned, was developed into a spa in the 60s. Unrestricted access resulted in scuba divers removing human bones and artifacts and stalactites and stalagmites as souvenirs and for sale. Almost all artifacts had been removed from the sinkhole before scientific exploration began. The property owners started restricting access to the sinkhole and trying to prevent looting and vandalism in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Agencies that care for public property are required to inventory archaeological resources and to ensure their protection and preservation in the long term. They employ archeologists, part of whose job it is to catalog and curate artifacts found on that property. Landowners and those having permission to collect from the landowners are less constrained but not entirely free to do whatever they wish. Like endangered species, unmarked graves are protected by law and it is illegal to disturb them except under certain terms of various federal, state and local laws.</p><br>
<p>Wilburn Cockrell, an archaeologist at Florida State University, starting working at Warm Mineral Springs in 1972. This work led to the private owner&#39;s protecting the site due to its archaeological significance. Archaeological exploration of the sinkhole paused in 1975, resuming in 1984. Phase II of the project found evidence of tool making by early man. There is evidence of the Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures.</p><br>
<p>Wilburn Cockrell has described Warm Mineral Springs as the "burial ground" for the prehistoric residential community at nearby Little Salt Spring. In a 1988 interview Cockrell stated that the remains of more than 20 Paleoindians have been found in the sinkhole, including some radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago. The archaeologists also found bones of several Pleistocene animals, including a giant ground sloth, a saber-toothed cat, a horse, and a camelid. Cockrell found an 11,000-year-old human skeleton in a fetal position, apparently placed in a crevice with broken stalactites holding it in place. This may be the oldest known intentional burial in North America.</p><br>
<p>In 1996-1997 a group of diver explorers conducted an underwater survey of the site resulting in the mapping of two warm water vents ~97 degrees F and two cool water vents ~76 degrees F. The group also video taped the site including the source of the deepest warm water vent at the end of a 150 ft. lone cave.</p><br>
<p>Warm Mineral Springs was purchased on December 20, 2010, by Sarasota County and the city of North Port for $5.5 million.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings serving the springs have been attributed to Sarasota School of Architecture architect Jack West and were constructed sometime in the late 1950s. The entry building contains a gift shop, locker rooms/showers and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>A separate circular structure dubbed "The Cyclorama" contains a 226 x 13 ft 360-degree mural, with some 3-D figures, depicting 9 scenes of Ponce de Leon&#39;s arrival in Florida in 1513 and his search for a fountain of youth, since Warm Mineral Springs is thought to have been that particular fountain. The Cyclorama was created as part of the 1959 commemorations for the 400th anniversary of Tristan de Luna’s settlement of Pensacola, the first in "La Florida." The large mural was painted by local Sarasota artist Don Putman and was originally accompanied by a 22-minute narration by Lowell Thomas. The Cyclorama has been closed since the 1970s and its fate is unknown.</p><br>
<h2>2013 closure</h2><br>
<p>The City of North Port and Sarasota County purchased the Springs for 5.5 million dollars in 2012. A open house was held announcing that the intent was to "preserve the springs for the people of Florida". A year later the Springs were closed. The Sarasota County Commissioners had planned with the (then) Commissioners from North Port to turn the Springs over for a high end private development. The City of North Port held an election in the fall of 2012 and the new Commissioners were uncomfortable with the extensive development planned for this essentially untouched natural wonder. Commissioner Joe Barbetta of Sarasota has now convinced the Commissioners to allow interested parties to enter directly into an ITN (intent to negotiate) process for the right to develop the Springs. This unusual step for government contracts allows a developer to put forth their ideas without much direction from the governing agents. This process is also exempted from the ordinary rules governing open meetings of the Commission. Hoyt Architects have a conceptualization of their vision for development of the Springs posted online. This can be viewed under "projects" on the Hoyt Architect website. Warm Mineral Springs re-opened on April 12, 2014 for swimming only, run on a short term basis by National and State Park Concessions, Inc. The City of North Port and Sarasota County will choose a long-term vendor/developer for the Springs sometime in the summer of 2014. Commissioner Christine Robinson of Sarasota declared that the springs should not become a public park. Residents of North Port are attempting to obtain a referendum to prevent the commercialization and private development seemingly desired by the Sarasota County Commissioners.</p><br>
<p>The closing of Warm Mineral Springs cost North Port 60 jobs and a $700,000 a year payroll. The impact on the local economy for tourist and resident dollars for hotels, restaurants, health/wellness professionals, etc. is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The Wabasha Street Caves is an event hall built into the sandstone caves located on the south shore of the Mississippi River in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota. The caves have been home to mobsters, speakeasies, and in more recent years have begun hosting a "Swing Night" on Thursday nights with live big-band music. The Wabasha Street Caves also provide historical tours of the sandstone caves in Saint Paul, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The caves, which technically are mines because they are manmade, are carved out of sandstone and date back to the 1840s. Throughout history the caves have been used for a number of different activities, including growing mushrooms, storage of food and belongings, music, and dancing.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the caves were used as a restaurant and nightclub venue known as the Wabasha Street Speakeasy. The speakeasy was said to have been frequented by gangsters such as John Dillinger and Ma Barker, however there is no evidence that these visits occurred; thus, these stories are considered legend.</p><br>
<p>On October 26, 1933, Josie & William Lehmann opened the Castle Royal, which was built into the side of the caves. Castle Royal was closed in the late 1930s due to the start of World War II and went back to primarily being a place to grow mushrooms. Some time in the 1970s, Castle Royal 2 was opened as a venue for Disco music. The caves have also been used as a place of storage for debris and belongings that were washed up from flooding. Some of these things can still be found in the caves today.</p><br>
<p>The Širvinta is a river in Lithuania. Stretching for 129 km, it is the longest tributary of the Šventoji. Its source is in the hinterlands of the Širvintos district. After it passes through the town of Širvintos, where a low head dam has been built, it continues through the Ukmergė district, and borders the Jonava district. It ends when it flows into the Šventoji between Upninkai and Vepriai.</p><br>
<p>The Širvinta has a rapid flow and winding rocky bed, which is used by kayakers. The Širvinta Landscape Reserve, encompassing the river banks and escarpments of the Širvinta, was established in 1992 to protect the channel&#39;s unique landscape. Some of the loamy scarps near Upninkai reach as high as 40 metres.</p><br>
<p>The name of the river is probably derived from the Baltic adjective širmas/širvas, meaning brown.</p><br>
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<p>St. François Atoll is one of two atolls of the Alphonse Group in the Seychelles that are part of the Outer Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>St. François Atoll lies 403 km south of Victoria, Seychelles. It is located just 2 km south of Alphonse Atoll, the second atoll of Alphonse Group, separated from it by a deep channel called Canal de Mort. The atoll is uninhabited and has two islands, St. François and Bijoutier Island.</p><br>
<p>The aggregate land area of the islands of the atoll is 0.5 km&sup2;. The total area of the atoll, with length of 10.5 km and width of 5.0 km, is 53 km&sup2, including reef flat and lagoon.</p><br>
<h3>St. François Island</h3><br>
<p>The area of the island is 0.47 km&sup2;. St. Francois is easily accessible at less than 30 minutes distance by boat from Alphonse.</p><br>
<p>It has a coastline of 10.0 km, and is located 9.0 km south of Bijoutier Island.</p><br>
<h3>Bijoutier Island</h3><br>
<p>The northern and smaller island takes its name from the French word bijoutier, meaning "jeweller". The area of the island is 0.03 km&sup2;. The island is only accessible by boat during high tide. The island is small enough that it takes only a few minutes to walk completely around it. It has a coastline of 0.7 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1562 the whole of the Alphonse Group (Alphonse, St. François and Bijoutier) were collectively named on Portuguese charts as San Francisco. This might explain how St. François was given its name. Chevalier Alphonse de Pontevez commanding the French frigate Le Lys visited on 28 June 1730 and named St François possibly following the Portuguese name for the group. Some sources (giving the incorrect date for the visit) claim it was to commemorate the religious feast of St Francis de Sales of 29 January.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the name of Bijoutier island is unknown.</p><br>
<p>A feature of St. François Atoll is the number of shipwrecks, standing as grim reminders of the perils of the sea.</p><br>
<p>St. François island once supported a population of a handful of men engaged in harvesting coconuts but the plantation was never productive.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>in 2007, Island Conservation Society established a conservation center on Alphonse to manage conservation on the island and on neighboring St. François.</p><br>
<p>There is a small breeding population of 13 pairs of black-naped tern. A small colony of tropical shearwater was rediscovered in 2013, the first confirmed breeding record since the 1950s. Migratory bird numbers are huge and include globally significant numbers of crab plover and Saunders&#39;s tern. Seychelles’ largest concentrations of whimbrel, ruddy turnstone and grey plover have also been recorded here. The only land bird is the house sparrow and this is its most southerly outpost in Seychelles. Significant numbers of hawksbill turtles and green turtles nest on St François and Bijoutier, and the waters of the atoll provide important foraging habitat for immature turtles of both species.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The islands can be reached by boat from Alphonse.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Alphonse Group belong to the Outer Islands of the Seychelles, lying in the southwest of the island nation, 403 km southwest the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island. The closest island is Desnœufs Island of the Amirante Islands, 87 km further north.</p><br>
<h2>Islands in the Alphonse Group</h2><br>
<p>The Alphonse Group consists of two atolls that are only 2 km apart, separated by a deep channel:</p><br>
<p>Alphonse Atoll in the north, with only one island, Alphonse Island</p><br>
<p>St. François Atoll in the south, with the islands St. François and Bijoutier</p><br>
<p>Only Alphonse Island is inhabited. The aggregate land area of all three islets in both atolls is than 2.21 km&sup2, but the total area including reefs and lagoons amounts to roughly 65 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Titelski Breg  or Titel Hill is a loess hillock situated in the Vojvodina province, Serbia. It is located in south-eastern Bačka , between the town of Titel in the south, the villages of Lok, Vilovo and Šajkaš in the south-west, the village of Mošorin in the north, and the river Tisa in the east. It is 18 km long and 7.5 km wide, with steep cliffs, up to 60 m high along the Tisa. The hill has a flat top with an elevation of around 100 to maximally 128 m. The cliffs and the flat top give it a mesa-like appearance. The hill is an interesting geographical feature because it is the only hill in Bačka region, most of which is a flat plain. It is a loess formation deposited during the Pleistocene, showing six distinct band, visible in gullies at the edge.&#39;</p><br>
<p>The River Teith is a river in Scotland, which is formed from the confluence of two smaller rivers, the Garbh Uisge  and Eas Gobhain at Callander, Stirlingshire. It flows into the River Forth near Drip north-west of Stirling.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic Uisge Theamhich, which translates into English as the "quiet and pleasant water".</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Teith is formed from the confluence of two smaller rivers: one from Loch Venachar, the Eas Gobhain which translates as "the smith&#39;s cascade", and one from Loch Lubnaig - Garbh Uisge which translates as "the rough water". The river flows through Callander and is joined by the Keltie Water 1 mi south of Keltie Bridge. The Teith continues to Deanston and Doune where the Ardoch Burn meets it, before its confluence with the (smaller) Forth upstream of Stirling.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The Teith is renowned for its fishing and for the splendid arched bridge 1/2 mi southwest of Doune.</p><br>
<p>The Deanston Distillery near Doune uses the Teith to supply water for the manufacture of Deanston Single Malt Whisky.</p><br>
<p>The Brig o Teith was constructed in 1535 by Robert Spittal, a Royal tailor to Mary Queen of Scots. According to Charles Roger in A Week at Bridge of Allan 1851&#39;, a ferryman refused Spittal passage across the Teith as he did not have his purse and could not pay. The bridge was built in retaliation.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley Public Library is the public library system for Berkeley, California. It consists of the Central Library, Claremont Branch, North Branch, West Branch, Tarea Hill Pittman South Branch—and the Tool Lending Library, which is one of the nation&#39;s first such libraries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Berkeley Public Library opened in 1893 on Shattuck Avenue with 264 books. In 1905, the library moved to a new brick building on Shattuck Avenue at Kittredge Street. The new library was funded by Andrew Carnegie and built on land donated by Rosa M. Shattuck, the widow of Francis K. Shattuck. Immediately following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the resulting population surge from across the Bay, the library opened four other branches around Berkeley. A new central library opened in 1934 at 2090 Kittredge St., where it remains. It was renovated and reopened in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The library recently began a series of renovations and expansions of its four neighborhood branches. It completed renovation of the Claremont and North Branches in 2012, and the South Branch and Tool Lending Library in May 2013. On December 14, the West Branch library reopened, revealing the $7.5 M project. During construction, a bookmobile called the Branch Van parked near each location to conduct basic transactions and provide access to library collections in the local neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>Technology</h2><br>
<p>All Berkeley Public Library branches have self-checkout machines. Patrons can use these to check out materials themselves by putting scanning the items and their library card. This checkout method works for all media—books, CDs, DVDs, etc.—and provides the patron with a receipt for the items. All branches still also offer checkout from library staff at circulation desks.</p><br>
<p>Patrons can also request and renew books over the Internet from their homes, or over the telephone.</p><br>
<h2>Tool lending library</h2><br>
<p>The Tool Lending Library opened in 1979, and is one of the nation&#39;s first such libraries.</p><br>
<p>Tool Lending Library offerings include basic hand tools, light power tools, and equipment: screwdrivers, various hammers, drills, biscuit jointers, string trimmers ("weed wackers") shovels, ladders, concrete mixers—and free advice. Late fees are $2 per day for small items, and $5 per day for power tools. Lending times are seven days for manual items, and two days for power tools.</p><br>
<p>The Wigwam Motels, also known as the "Wigwam Villages", is a motel chain in the United States built during the 1930s and 1940s. The rooms are built in the form of tipis, mistakenly referred to as wigwams. It originally had seven different locations: two locations in Kentucky and one each in Alabama, Florida, Arizona, Louisiana, and California.</p><br>
<p>They are very distinctive historic landmarks. Two of the three surviving motels are located on historic USA Route 66: in Holbrook, Arizona, and on the city boundary between Rialto and San Bernardino, California. All three of the surviving motels are listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Wigwam Motel in Cave City, Kentucky, was listed in 1988 under the official designation of Wigwam Village #2; the Wigwam Motel in Arizona was listed as Wigwam Village #6 in 2002; and the Wigwam Motel in California was listed in 2012 as Wigwam Village #7.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frank A. Redford developed the Village after adding tipi-shaped motel units around a museum-cum-shop he had built to house his collection of Native American artifacts. He applied for a patent on the ornamental design of the buildings on December 17, 1935, and was granted Design Patent 98,617 on February 18, 1936. The original drawing includes the swastika, at the time a symbol associated with Native Americans or often worn as a good-luck charm.</p><br>
<p>Seven Wigwam Villages were built between 1933 and 1949.</p><br>
<h2>Wigwam villages</h2><br>
<h3>Village #1: Horse Cave, Kentucky</h3><br>
<p>The first Wigwam Village was built in 1933 by Frank A. Redford. It was located on the corner of US-31E and Hwy 218 in Horse Cave, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The central building and gas pumps are visible on undated postcards. Six more wigwams were built to be used as guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>This village was reportedly closed in 1935 when the nearby Wigwam Village #2 was opened. Village #1 was razed in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Village #2: Cave City, Kentucky</h3><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #2 was built in 1937 on USA Route 31W in Cave City, Kentucky, close to Mammoth Cave National Park and a few miles south of the original Wigwam Village #1. The address is 601 North Dixie Hwy, Cave City, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It consists of 15 wigwams used as guest rooms that are arranged in a semicircle. In the center is a much bigger concrete and steel central structure that originally served as a restaurant, plus a common area with playground, recreation space, and pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The diameter at the base of each tipi is 14 ft, and they are 32 ft in height. Behind the main room of each unit is a small bathroom with sink, toilet, and shower. In 2008, the rooms contain the original restored hickory furniture and a window-mounted air conditioner. There are no telephones to maintain the original atmosphere of the motel, but the rooms do have cable TV and internet access.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #2 is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Village #3: New Orleans, Louisiana</h3><br>
<p>This wigwam village was built in 1940, on USA Route 61 in Metairie, a suburb of New Orleans, Louisiana. This village was lost after it went out of business in 1954.</p><br>
<h3>Village #4: Orlando, Florida</h3><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #4 was built in 1948 near the intersections of USA Routes 441, 17, and 92 in Orlando, Florida.</p><br>
<p>This relatively large wigwam village consisted of 27 or 31 guest rooms, each in a separate wigwam constructed to resemble a horseshoe shape. A restaurant was built into the central and larger wigwam and more services were available, including a pool located in the middle of the lot. It was nicknamed and also self-proclaimed as "Orlando&#39;s Largest Motel".</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #4 was razed in 1974. A 326-room Vacation Lodge now sits on the site, apparently still using the former motel&#39;s swimming pool.</p><br>
<h3>Village #5: Bessemer, Alabama</h3><br>
<p>The Wigwam Village #5 was built in 1940. It was located 4 mi north of downtown Bessemer, on USA Route 11 in Bessemer, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The village consisted of 15 wigwams arranged in a semicircle. In the center was a much larger wigwam and two smaller ones, which served as offices and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>This wigwam village and cafe fell into ruin after it went out of business in 1964. It was demolished soon afterwards.</p><br>
<h3>Village #6: Holbrook, Arizona</h3><br>
<p>Arizona motel owner Chester E. Lewis built this Wigwam Village in 1950. It is located on the historic Route 66, at 811 West Hopi Drive in Holbrook, Arizona. Nearby places of interest include Petrified Forest National Park, Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater), and the Grand Canyon.</p><br>
<p>The plans for this motel were based on the original of Frank A. Redford. Lewis first became aware of the distinctive wigwam designs when passing through Cave City in 1938. He purchased the rights to Redfords design, as well as the right to use the name "Wigwam Village," in a novel royalty agreement: coin-operated radios would be installed in Lewiss Wigwam Village, and every dime inserted for 30 minutes of play would be sent to Redford as payment.</p><br>
<p>The motel is arranged as a square, with 15 concrete and steel wigwams on three sides and the main office on the fourth; there was also originally a gas station on the complex. The individual units are called "wigwams," not "rooms" or "tepees" or "cabins." The units are numbered from 1 to 16, (there is no 13). The base diameter is 14 ft, with each unit 32 ft in height. Behind the main room of each unit is a small bathroom with sink, toilet and shower. Current rooms contain the original restored hickory furniture, two double beds, cable TV and a window-mounted air conditioner. In keeping with the authenticity of the restoration, there are no telephones, Internet access or ice machine. Vintage restored automobiles from the 1960s and earlier are located throughout the parking area. Small green metal benches etched with the words "Wigwam Village #6" are scattered throughout the complex as well.</p><br>
<p>Lewis operated the motel until closing it in 1974 when Interstate 40 bypassed downtown Holbrook. Two years after his death in 1986, sons Clifton and Paul Lewis and daughter Elinor renovated the motel before reopening it in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis family continues to run and maintain Wigwam Village #6. Near the registration desk is a small room that contains many of Chester Lewis&#39;s memorabilia, including a necklace of human teeth of unknown origin.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #6 has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places since May 2, 2002.</p><br>
<h3>Village #7: Rialto/San Bernardino, California</h3><br>
<p>Frank Redford built this complex for himself in 1947–49 and not as a franchise. The address of the motel is Rialto, California, but the motel is physically located in San Bernardino. It is on the boundary between the two cities on historic Route 66, with an address of 2728 East Foothill Boulevard, Rialto, California.</p><br>
<p>Unlike the one arch of wigwams in other surviving villages, Village #7 has a double row of wigwam guest rooms. They total 19 in number, as well as a base for what seems to be another never-completed wigwam in the back of the property. A central building is currently used as an office, with a lobby that is open 24 hours a day. There is also a swimming pool, a large grass front and palm trees surround the property.</p><br>
<p>The property had become very run down and rooms were rented by the hour, aggravated by a sign advertising "Do it in a Tee Pee" that is still on site in the back. The complex underwent renovation, for which the National Historic Route 66 Federation awarded the Cyrus Avery Award in 2005. Attention to detail was the main focus during renovation, as the wigwams lost their zigzag pattern.</p><br>
<p>Since 2012, the motel has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Other wigwam-like motels</h2><br>
<p>The Tee Pee Motel in Wharton, Texas near Houston, which was built in 1942, is a setup where the tipis are of a different shapes and all line up in a straight line. It is not of the same design nor heritage as the Wigwam Motels.</p><br>
<p>Whartons Tee Pee Motel had been in disrepair for decades. Then, in July 2003, Bryon Woods, a diesel mechanic, won the Texas Lottery. At his wifes urging, Woods bought the property. Modern conveniences were added, and the Tee Pee Motel reopened for business in October 2006. In March 2012 the motel was the site of a large drugs seizure.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio&#39;s Austin Highway also hosted a similar motel.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The motels and their imitators have been parodied many times. Rockstar&#39;s 2004 Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas game contains a Tee Pee Motel. In the 2006 Pixar film Cars, one of the characters runs a "newly refurbished" neon-lit motel that is clearly inspired by Wigwam Village #6. The motel is called the Cozy Cone Motel, and each room is fashioned as a traffic cone.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 a digitally altered image of Wigwam Village #6 appeared (without the consent of the owner) in an advert for the Microtel hotel chain as a stand-in for lodgings where "you’ll never know what you’ll get" despite the Villages&#39; consistently positive ratings from customers.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam number 1 of the Holbrook, Arizona, Wigwam Village #6 was featured in the second episode of Oprah and Gayle&#39;s Big Adventures on The Oprah Winfrey Show.</p><br>
<p>Wigwam Village #6 is featured in the 1991 movie The Dark Wind, based on the 1982 Tony Hillerman novel of the same name, as well as a sequence in the 2015 comedy film, Vacation.</p><br>
<p>Giant Geyser is a cone-type geyser in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Giant Geyser is the namesake for the Giant Group of geysers, which includes Bijou Geyser, Giant Geyser, and Mastiff Geyser. Giant Geyser is also the namesake for the Giant Platform, a raised stone structure incorporating all these geysers. Giant is notable for its spectacular, but sporadic eruptions, as well as for its very large cone of geyserite, which stands about 12 feet tall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 18, 1870 the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin and observed geysers erupting. During their day and a half explorations, they named seven geysers in the basin, including Giant. Nathaniel P. Langford in his 1871 Scribner&#39;s account described the Giant.</p><br>
<p>"The Giant" has a rugged crater, ten feet in diameter on the outside, with an irregular orifice five or six feet in diameter. It discharges a vast body of water, and the only time we saw it in eruption the flow of water in a column five feet in diameter, and one hundred and forty feet in vertical height, continued uninterruptedly for nearly three hours. The crater resembles a miniature model of the Coliseum.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Giant can go long periods between eruptions. Its activity level varies considerably from year to year. For several years starting in 1955 it was dormant, and from 1963 through 1987 only six eruptions were known to have occurred. By contrast, around 1997 the interval between eruptions averaged as little as four days. The most recent active phase of Giant Geyser started on August 6, 2005 and continued until April 29, 2008, when activity decreased dramatically; there was a single eruption again on August 26, 2008. There were 11 eruptions in 2005, 47 in 2006, 54 in 2007 (the most eruptions for any year since 1955), and 13 in 2008. There were no recorded eruptions in 2009 and 2 in January 2010. Giant Geyser erupted on September 28, 2015. Most recently giant geyser erupted on November 3rd, 2017. The reasons for this variability are unknown.</p><br>
<p>The spectacular scale of a Giant eruption, combined with relatively frequent activity in recent years, has caused the geyser to be the object of much study and much has been learned about its eruptive behavior. Giant steams and splashes even during inactive periods, but eruptions can happen only during so-called "hot periods" when there are changes in the activity of the other springs on the Giant Platform as well as more intense splashing in Giant itself. Hot periods typically last a few minutes, and most do not lead to an eruption. When the hot period ends, activity on the Platform returns to normal, and it may be tens of minutes to hours before the next hot period occurs. When Giant does erupt, the activity can be quite dramatic, lasting about an hour and sometimes reaching over 250 feet.</p><br>
<p>The Western Carpathians are a mountain range and geomorphological province that forms the western part of the Carpathian Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountain belt stretches from the Low Beskids range of the Eastern Carpathians along the border of Poland with Slovakia toward the Moravian region of the Czech Republic and the Austrian Weinviertel. In the south the North Hungarian Mountains cover northern Hungary. The area of the Western Carpathians comprises about 70,000 km². The highest elevation is the Gerlachovský štít (2,655m).</p><br>
<h2>Geographical definition</h2><br>
<p>Most of the perimeter of the Western Carpathians is quite sharply defined by valleys. To the northwest and north they are separated from the Bohemian Massif by the Forecarpathian Lowland and the Lesser Poland Upland; to the west the Moravian Gate leads over to the Sudetes. To the south the mountain chain falls away towards the Pannonian Plain, a large plain situated between the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, and the main mass of the Eastern Carpathians.</p><br>
<p>The boundary between the Western Carpathians and the Eastern Alps is formed by the Vienna Basin, the Hainburg Hills of the Little Carpathians at Devín Gate, and a gap carved by the Danube. To the east and northeast the mountains are bounded by the East Slovak and Sandomierz Basins, but it is less striking and passes through highland terrain that continues to the Eastern Carpathians.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Western Carpathians are part of the northern branch of alpine orogeny, which was formed by the closure of the Tethys Ocean millions of years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Western Carpathians are part of the Alpide belt. To the west they longitudinally join the Alps, but the exact boundary is hidden under the Neogene sedimentary fill of the Vienna Basin. To the east, their boundary with the Eastern Carpathians is the valley of the Hornád or Uzh River. The northern boundary with the East European craton and Bohemian Massif is well marked by the thrust of nappes of the Carpathian flysch belt. The southern boundary is less clear, because later postorogenetic evolution caused formation of basins, penetrating the mountain chain non-uniformly.</p><br>
<p>The Western Carpathians have a complicated geological structure, that has been formed since the Paleozoic era. The oldest Paleozoic rocks experienced the first stage of deformation during the Hercynian orogeny, but younger Alpine overprint is common. Alpine orogeny affected the area in several stages from Jurassic to Neogene. During this period, parts of Tethys Ocean were subducted under the African plate and Western Carpathian blocks were thrust over the margin of the Eurasian plate.</p><br>
<p>Tectonic units of the Western Carpathians are arranged in belt-like order, with the external units in the north and internal units in the south. Alpine evolution of the Western Carpathians is dominated by extension and closure of two or three oceanic domains: Triassic-Jurassic Meliata-Halstatt Ocean, Jurassic-Cretaceous Piemont-Vahic Ocean/Zone and Cretaceous-Tertiary Valais-Magura Ocean. After a subduction of the Meliata Ocean, the Internal Western Carpathians were formed. Suturing of Vahic domain finalized thrusting in the Central Western Carpathians, and consuming the crust of Carpathian Flysch Basins caused the formation of the External West Carpathian accretionary wedge (Flysch Belt).</p><br>
<p>East Selino  is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kantanos-Selino, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 136.555 km&sup2;. It is situated on the south-west coast of the island of Crete. It was part of the former Selino Province which covered the mountain and coastal region west of Sfakia. The seat of the municipality was Kampanos.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Epanochori (Epanochori, Agia Eirini, Prines, Seliniotikos Gyros, Tsiskiana)</p><br>
<p>Kampanos (Kampanos, Maralia)</p><br>
<p>Rodovani (Rodovani, Agriles, Kamaria, Livada, Maza)</p><br>
<p>Skafi (Skafi, Argastiri, Pera Skafi)</p><br>
<p>Sougia (Sougia, Koustogerako, Livadas, Moni)</p><br>
<p>Temenia (Temenia, Pappadiana, Stratoi)</p><br>
<p>Within Anatoliko Selino lies the Agia Eirini Gorge, the ruins of the ancient cities of Elyros, Lissos, Yrtakina and Syia and many Byzantine churches. The area&#39;s main product is olive oil. Sougia is a growing beach resort with a few small hotels and tavernas.</p><br>
<p>Suasa was an ancient Roman town in what is now the comune of Castelleone di Suasa, Marche, Italy. It is located in the Pian Volpello locality, in the valley of the Cesano River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Suasa was founded by the Romans in the early 3rd century BC, after the Battle of Sentinum (295 BC), in a territory inhabited by the Senones. The town was crossed by a secondary trait of the Via Flaminia and by the Via Salaria Gallica, which connected it to Forum Sempronii (Fossombrone) and Ostra. In 232 BC, it became a prefecture and, in the 1st century BC, a municipium.</p><br>
<p>Suasa started to decline from the 3rd century; in 409, it was sacked by Alarich&#39;s Goths during his march against Rome (see Sack of Rome). It was abandoned in the 6th century after the Gothic War, the population moving to nearby settlements.</p><br>
<p>The remains have been axcavated by the University of Bologna since 1987. The edifices found include:</p><br>
<p>an amphitheater</p><br>
<p>a theater</p><br>
<p>the Coiedii domus</p><br>
<p>a late-Republican era domus</p><br>
<p>the cardo maximus</p><br>
<p>a necropolis</p><br>
<h2>The Archaeological Park</h2><br>
<p>The Suasa archaeological park is an archaeological area in Castelleone di Suasa (province of Ancona, Marche, Italy).</p><br>
<p>It includes the remains of the ancient town of Suasa, abandoned in the 6th century AD. The open-air museum of a Roman house (the Coiedii domus), of great interest because its size and architectonic complexity, can be visited in the park.</p><br>
<p>The domus was inhabited over a long period, reaching its maximum splendour in the 2nd century AD. The mosaics discovered in the interior are splendid and are the most important unitary complex of the Marches. Mythological, floral, and geometric scenes can be admired, but above all, a magnificent marble floor created with over fifteen different kinds of stone.</p><br>
<p>An avant-garde roofing and super-elevated passageways make the visit easily available.</p><br>
<p>The large amphitheatre lies at the foot of the hill. During the summer season evocative theatrical performances are held there</p><br>
<p>Kryonerida  is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Apokoronas, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 67.561 km&sup2;. The seat of the municipality of Kryonerida was the large village of Vryses. Vryses became the seat of the new municipality Apokoronas. It is located in foothills of the White Mountains .</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Kryonerida is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Vryses (Vryses, Metochi, Filippos)</p><br>
<p>Alikampos</p><br>
<p>Vafes (Vafes, Arevitis, Achatzikia)</p><br>
<p>Emprosneros (Emprosneros, Vatoudiaris)</p><br>
<p>Nippos</p><br>
<p>Maza (Maza, Fones, Champatha)</p><br>
<p>Nea Kydonia  is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Chania, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 21.457 km&sup2;. It is situated on the western outskirts of Chania. It saw fierce fighting during the Battle of Crete during World War II and there the main prisoner of war camp for Allied soldiers in Western Crete was in Galatas.</p><br>
<p>The seat of the municipality of Nea Kydonia was in the village of Daratsos. Galatas has a popular beach at Kalamaki and a port called Kato Galatas. Agia Marina, Stalos and Daratso are other principal settlements of the municipality, as well as the uninhabited island of Agii Theodori. It was part of the former province of Kydonia.</p><br>
<h2>Ancient History</h2><br>
<p>Nearby in the modern city of Chania, is the ancient city of Kydonia, over whose ruins the modern city has been built. Kydonia was a powerful Cretan city in the period 600 to 200 BC.</p><br>
<p>Byllis  was an ancient city located in the region of Illyria. The remains of Byllis are situated north-east of Vlorë, 25 kilometers from the sea in Hekal, Fier County, Albania.</p><br>
<p>Stephanus of Byzantium mentions Byllis as a seaside city (erroneously) in Illyria and its foundation legend, according to which the city was built by Myrmidons under Neoptolemus, returning from the Trojan War, a tradition confirmed by numismatics.</p><br>
<p>The Bylliones are first attested in the mid-4th century BC, in the description of the geographer Pseudo-Scylax, and also asking the oracle of Dodona to which god they should sacrifice in order to ensure the safety of their possessions. The archaeological attestation of the city is possible as far back as the second half of the 4th century BC and was later conquered by Pyrrhus. According to another view, Byllis was founded by king Pyrrhus of Epirus.</p><br>
<p>Byllis received sacred Greek envoys, known as theoroi during the early 2nd century BC, indicator of the city&#39;s Greek character.</p><br>
<h2>The city</h2><br>
<p>Byllis, being a Greek-speaking city, on the borders of Illyria and Epirus, had its own stadium and theatre during the Hellenistic era. About its foundation it has been suggested that Byllis was founded by Greek settlers, though the fact that it had a mixed population is attested by the Illyrian names of officials. The city had its own coinage which was different from that of the tribe of the Bylliones. M. B. Hatzopoulos believes that Byllis is the northernmost non-colonian Greek city in the region.</p><br>
<p>The walls of Byllis were 2,200m long, enclosing 30 hectares of a plain atop a hill 524m above sea level. There were 6 gates in the city walls. The road coming from Apollonia passed through two of them, crossing Byllis in the direction of the narrows of gorges of the Vjosa river on the way to Macedonia or those of Antigonia in the direction of Epirus. In 2011 during a road reconstruction near the archaeological park found in the site a statue of the Hellenistic era, which may depict an Illyrian soldier or a war deity, was discovered. However, there is little point in proposing an Illyrian label for city in which language, institutions, officials, onomastics, city-planning and fortifications were Greek.</p><br>
<h2>League of the Bylliones</h2><br>
<p>The League (Koinon) of the Illyrian tribe of the Bylliones (Ancient Greek: Κοινὸν Βυλλίων), which had been hellenized to a degree and was bilingual, was a coalition of one or two poleis, as attested after 232 BC. The league was restricted to Byllis and Nikaea, and Byllis considered Nikaia as one of its demes.</p><br>
<h2>Roman and Byzantine rule</h2><br>
<p>Under the Roman Empire, Byllis became part of the province of Epirus Nova. The walls of Byllis carry more than four inscriptions with details regarding their construction by the engineer Victorinus, as ordered by Emperor Justinian I (483-565).</p><br>
<h2>Association with see of Apollonia</h2><br>
<p>One of the participants in the Council of Ephesus in 431 was a Felix who signed once as Bishop of Apollonia and Byllis, at another time as Bishop of Apollonia. Some assume that the two towns formed a single episcopal see, others suppose he was, strictly speaking, Bishop only of Apollonia, but was temporarily in charge also of Byllis during a vacancy of that see. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Eusebius subscribes simply as Bishop of Apollonia. In the letter of the bishops of Epirus Nova to the Byzantine Emperor Leo I in 458, Philocharis subscribed as Bishop of what the manuscripts call "Vallidus", and which editors think should be corrected to "Byllis". Whether Philocharis is to be considered Bishop also of Apollonia depends on the interpretation of the position of Felix in 431.</p><br>
<p>The Annuario Pontificio lists Apollonia as a titular see, thus recognizing that it was once a residential diocese, a suffragan of the archbishopric of Dyrrachium. It grants no such recognition to Byllis.</p><br>
<p>Innachori  is a group of villages and a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kissamos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 136.716 km&sup2;. The name means nine villages. It is a shady, hilly area in the southwest of the island.</p><br>
<p>Innachori is rugged and remote, and known for its chestnuts. It is increasingly popular with tourists, particularly the white sand beach and warm shallow waters at Elafonisi.</p><br>
<p>The seat of the municipality was Elos. Settlements of the Innachori include:</p><br>
<p>Elos</p><br>
<p>Perivolia</p><br>
<p>Kefali</p><br>
<p>Vathi</p><br>
<p>Kampos</p><br>
<p>Strovles</p><br>
<p>Vlatos</p><br>
<p>Amygdalokefali</p><br>
<p>Chrysoskalitissa</p><br>
<p>Rabun Bald, with an elevation of 4,696 ft, is the second-highest peak in the USA state of Georgia; only Brasstown Bald 4,784 ft is higher. It is immediately southeast of Sky Valley, Georgia, and is the tallest mountain in the county. An observation tower on the summit provides hikers with views that, on clear days, extend for more than 100 mi. The hike to the top of Rabun Bald is 5.8 mi round trip via the Rabun Bald Trail. The Rabun Bald Trail connects with the Bartram Trail system, which passes over the top as it winds through northeast Georgia for 37 mi.</p><br>
<p>According to Native American legend, Rabun Bald is inhabited by fire-breathing demon people: some campers still report hearing strange sounds throughout the night.</p><br>
<p>Rabun Bald was the site of the first fire tower in the area, which was constructed by Nick Nicholson, the first forest ranger in Georgia. The fire tower was operated by the United States Forest Service until the early 1970s. After the fire tower was taken out of service, a Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) crew dismantled the tower&#39;s uppermost component, a metal-framed enclosure with glass windows that sat atop a stone base. Leaving the stone base intact, the YCC crew replaced the metal "cabin" with a railed wooden observation platform.</p><br>
<p>Kissamos  is a town and municipality, multiple  bishopric and Latin titular see in the west of the island of Crete, Greece. It is part of the Chania regional unit and of the former Kissamos Province which covers the northwest corner of the island. The city of Kissamos is also known as Kastelli Kissamou and often known simply as Kastelli after the Venetian castle that was there. It is now a port and fishing harbour, with a regular ferry from the Peloponnese via Kythira. A town museum is located in the old Venetian governor&#39;s palace and there have been important archaeological finds in the town, including fine mosaics, dating from the Roman city of Kisamos . The head town of the municipality  is Kastelli-Kissamos itself.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Strabo said that ancient Cisamus was dependent on Aptera and was its naval arsenal. The Peutinger Table distinguishes two port towns in Crete called Cisamus, Modern Kissamos (at 35°29′38″N 23°39′25″E) is much further west than where Aptera is now placed (at 35°27′46″N 24°8′31″E). It was excluded already by Pashley in 1837 as being, of the two ancient maritime Cretan cities named Kisamos, the one associated with Aptera. In the past, when the port of Aptera was thought to be present-day Kissamos, some supposed Aptera to be identical with Polyrrhenia, and Kissamos to be the port of Polyrrhenia. However, Strabo and other ancient sources say that Polyrrhenia&#39;s port was at Phalasarna on the west coast.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<p>Ancient Cisamus became a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Gortyna, the capital of the Roman province of Crete.</p><br>
<p>Only two of its first-millennium bishops are named in extant contemporary documents: Theopemptus (according to 18th-century Lequien), Nicetas (according to 20th-century Janin) at the Trullan Council in 692, and Leo at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.</p><br>
<h3>Orthodox bishopric</h3><br>
<p>The bishopric is still a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Crete.</p><br>
<h3>Latin diocese</h3><br>
<p>After the Venetian conquest of Crete in 1212, Cisamus became a Latin Church diocese. The names of more than 20 residential Latin bishops from then until the end of the 16th century are known, including :</p><br>
<p>(incomplete)</p><br>
<p>Angelo Barbarigo (1383 – 1406.09.21), later Bishop of Verona (Italy) (1406.09.21 – death 1408.09.19), Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro (1408.09.19 – 1418.08.16), also Cardinal-Priest of S. Prassede in commendam (1415.07.04 – 1418.08.16</p><br>
<p>Prospero Santacroce (1548.03.22 – 1572?resigned), Apostolic Nuncio (papal ambassador) to Austria-Hungary (1548.04.05 – 1550.04.25), Apostolic Nuncio to France (1552.07.15 – 1554.05.23), Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal (1560.07.06 – 1561.05.10), again Apostolic Nuncio to France (1561 – 1565), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni (1566.02.08 – 1570.04.12), Apostolic Administrator of Arles (France) (1566.06.17 – 1574), transferred repeatedly Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria degli Angeli (1570.04.12 – 1574.05.05), Cardinal-Priest of S. Adriano al Foro pro hac vice Title (1574.05.05 – 1583.03.04), Cardinal-Priest of S. Clemente (1583.03.04 – 1589.03.02), promoted Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (1589.03.02 – 1589.10.02)</p><br>
<p>Apostolic Administrator Gerolamo Ragazzoni (1572.12.10 – 1576.09.19), former Coadjutor Bishop of Famagosta (Cyprus, 1561 – 1571), Bishop of Novara (Italy) (1576.09.19 – 1577.07.19), Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Roman Catholic Diocese of Bergamo&Bergamo (Italy) (1577.07.19 – death 1592.03.17), Apostolic Nuncio (papal ambassador) to France (1583 – 1586)</p><br>
<h4>Titular see</h4><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Cisamus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular bishopric, (Curiate Italian Cisamo) since it was suppressed as residential see around 1600 AD.</p><br>
<p>It has been vacant for decades, having had the following (often not consecutive) incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :</p><br>
<p>Fortunato Bisleti (1728.11.15 – 1749), no office recorded</p><br>
<p>Miguel Anselmo Álvarez de Abreu y Valdéz (1749.09.22 – 1765.04.22), as Auxiliary Bishop of Tlaxcala (Mexico) (1749.09.22 – 1765.04.22); later Bishop of Antequera (Mexico) (1765.04.22 – 1774.07.25)</p><br>
<p>Jan Pettani (1767.02.05 – death ?) as emeritate, former Bishop of Šibenik (Croatia) (1763.07.18 – 1767.02.05)</p><br>
<p>Martin Nugk von Lichtenhoff (1775.11.15 – 1780.06.21), as Apostolic Prefect of Lausitz (Germany) (1774.01.17 – death 1780.06.21)</p><br>
<p>José O.S. Casquete Prado (1797.12.18 – death 1838.02.02); no office recorded</p><br>
<p>Dominik Mayer (1863.10.01 – death 1875.05.04), as Military Vicar of Austria (Austria) (1863.10.01 – 1875.05.04)</p><br>
<p>Adrien-François Rouger (王吾伯), Lazarists (C.M.) (1883.09.07 – 1887.03.31)</p><br>
<p>Thomas William Wilkinson (1888.05.15 – 1889.12.28)</p><br>
<p>Charles Maurice Graham (1891.09.25 – 1902.10.25)</p><br>
<p>Jean Muradian (1905.08.07 – 1911.07.11)</p><br>
<p>Heinrich Joeppen (1913.10.27 – 1920.02.22)</p><br>
<p>Lajlo Budanovic (1927.02.28 – 1958.03.16)</p><br>
<p>Nikollë Troshani (1958.04.18 – death 1994.05.25), Apostolic Administrator of Durrës (Albania) (1958.04.18 – 1992) and on emeritate</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality of Kissamos was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of three former municipalities, which became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Kissamos</p><br>
<p>Innachori</p><br>
<p>Mythimna</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 341.018 km&sup2; and the municipal unit has an area of 149.034 km&sup2;. The municipal unit of Kissamos includes the Gramvousa peninsula (Chernisos Gramvousas Χερσόνησος Γραμβούσας) in the northwest and the adjacent Gramvousa islets, as well as the islet of Pontikonisi, and the villages of Sfinari, Koukounaras, Polirinia, Platanos, Lousakia, Sirikari, Kallergiania and Kalathena. It forms the extreme western part of the region, and of Crete. It is bordered by Platanias to the East, and by Kantanos-Selino to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Former province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Kissamos (Επαρχία Κισσάμου) was one of the provinces of the Chania Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality of Kissamos, and the municipal units of Kolymvari and Voukolies (partly). It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Notable locals</h2><br>
<p>Manos Katrakis (1908–1984), actor</p><br>
<p>Giorgis Koutsourelis (1914–1994), Cretan music composer</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank Building is a Romanesque Revival building in Ann Arbor, Michigan designed by the local architectural firm of Fry and Kasurin. It stands at 201-205 South Main Street in downtown Ann Arbor.</p><br>
<p>The high-rise was built in 1927, and completed in 1929. It stands at 10 floors in height, and is designed with an interesting blend of Art Deco and Art moderne architectural styles. It is composed of primarily steel and terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>The building is owned and managed by First Martin Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>Facts</h2><br>
<p>The tallest building in Ann Arbor at the time of its construction, it was built for the first bank in Washtenaw County. It has since been used for office and retail space.</p><br>
<p>The principal façades are clad in lightly colored terra-cotta designed in a restrained Romanesque styling. The terra cotta was executed by the Northwestern Terra Cotta Company.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank is a steel frame building consisting of a ten-story tower along with rear wings of two and five stories.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Low Memorial Library of Columbia University was built in 1895 by University President Seth Low as the Universitys central library. Financed with $1 million of Lows own money due to the recalcitrance of university alumni , he named it in memory of his father, Abiel Abbot Low. "Neither low nor a library,"  however, it has housed the central administrative offices of the university ever since the completion of the Butler Library in 1934, and is the focal point and most prominent building on the universitys Morningside Heights campus.</p><br>
<p>The steps leading to the librarys columned facade are a popular meeting place for Columbia students as well as home to Daniel Chester Frenchs sculpture, Alma Mater, a university symbol. Low Library was officially named a New York City landmark in 1967, with the interior being designated in 1981,</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Low Library was designed by Charles Follen McKim of the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White, which was responsible for the design of much of Columbias Morningside Heights campus. The library was designed in the neo-classical style, incorporating many of the elements of Romes Pantheon. The building is in the shape of a Greek cross and features windows modeled on those of the Baths of Diocletian. The columns on the librarys front facade are in the Ionic order, suited to institutions of arts and letters. An inscription on the buildings attic describes the history of the university. It reads:</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s College Founded in the Province of New York</p><br>
<p>By Royal Charter in the Reign of George II</p><br>
<p>Perpetuated as Columbia College by the People of the State of New York</p><br>
<p>When they became Free and Independent - Maintained and Cherished from Generation to Generation</p><br>
<p>For the Advancement of the Public Good and the Glory of Almighty God</p><br>
<p>The interior abounds with classical references. At the entryway are bronze busts of Zeus and Apollo. The foyer contains a white marble bust of Pallas Athena, modeled after the Minerve du Collier at the Louvre and donated by Jonathan Ackerman Coles of the Columbia College Class of 1864, an alumnus of Columbias Philolexian Society. She is surrounded there by the twelve signs of the zodiac. The 106 ft rotunda, formerly the library reading room when the building was used for its original function, is lined with columns of solid green Connemara marble from Ireland, topped with gold capitals. Roman and Greek philosophers Demosthenes, Euripides, Sophocles, and Augustus Caesar stare down from the rotundas heights as the four points of knowledge, Law, Philosophy, Medicine, and Theology mark the four points of the Greek Cross. The rest of the interior is finished with Italian and Istrian marble.</p><br>
<p>A late 19th-century real estate magazine, believing Low to be patterned after a French church by "the architect Rumpf", criticised the design, writing that "there is scarcely any original designing done in this city, except the vagaries of the incompetent. The rest is mostly a copybook reproduction of classical and other detail. Successful architects have too much to do to be pre-eminently artists -- they must be first-rate men of business."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first building on Columbias new Morningside campus when it was built in 1895, rising out of cropfields, Low originally served as the universitys main library, a role that ended when in 1934 it was supplanted by the larger Butler Library. After a period in which it still housed the universitys archives, the building now consists almost solely of administrative offices. Confusingly, however, the buildings facade is still etched with the words "The Library of Columbia University," leading many to mistakenly believe that it retains its earlier role.</p><br>
<p>During the 1968 Columbia protests, Low was occupied by students objecting to, among other things, the proposed construction of a university-owned gymnasium in Morningside Park, as well as Columbia&#39;s involvement with the Vietnam War. Within Low, the students barricaded themselves inside the office of University President Grayson L. Kirk, where they searched for documents. Dramatic scenes ensued, including attempts to catapult food to the protesters and efforts by their adversaries to cordon them off. The access of Columbia media outlets such as WKCR and the Columbia Daily Spectator, allowing them to break stories relating to the events in Low prior to national news organizations, remains a mystery; many believe students had access to secret tunnels. The protesters were only removed after a controversially violent assault on the building by the New York Police Department.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 during the Universitys bicentennial and following the election in 1952 of former Columbia University president General Dwight D. Eisenhower to the US presidency, Low Library was commemorated on a postage stamp. For the Universitys semiquincentennial in 2004, an image of the library was placed on a pre-stamped postcard.</p><br>
<p>From April 14-22, 2016, students from Columbia Divest for Climate Justice conducted a peaceful sit-in outside of President Lee Bollinger’s office in Low Library to demand divestment from the top 200 publicly traded fossil fuel companies. Seventeen students originally joined the sit-in but students who left were not allowed reentry into the building. Six students remained to the last day. University administration locked down the building and had security guards continually monitoring the students. Over 100 students joined a "sleep-out" on the steps of the library to show solidarity for the sit-in participants who faced potential school sanctions or arrest. Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders voiced support for the students.</p><br>
<p>Mount Baldy is a sand dune located in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. It is on the southern shore of Lake Michigan and is 126 feet tall. It is a wandering dune that moves or shifts every year, and is called a "living dune."</p><br>
<p>Mount Baldy is accessible from USA Route 12 (also known as Dunes Highway) between the town of Pines and the western border of Michigan City, Indiana. It is a tourist attraction locally and regionally, drawing weekend and summer visitors from Chicago. Prior to the dunes closure, on a clear day one could see Chicagos skyline from its top. North of Mount Baldy is a swimmable beach which is also part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.</p><br>
<h2>Erosion</h2><br>
<p>Due to its popularity with visitors the marram grass which had stabilized the dune was largely destroyed, and the dune has begun advancing southwards, threatening to overrun its parking lot. Accordingly, the National Park Service has rerouted trails and planted grass in hopes of slowing the dune.</p><br>
<h2>Sinkhole</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, unexpected sinkholes, later called anomalies, began appearing in the sand, one of which swallowed a small child. It took three hours for the boy to be rescued from the 11 ft pit. The geological process that is producing the sinkhole anomalies is under study, but appears to be related to the burial and decomposition of fungus-ridden black oak trees. In 2016, scientists concluded that such sinkholes or anomalies in the moving or living dune are caused by the burial of trees that eventually decay leaving a hollowed out shaft beneath unsteady ground, named a "dune decomposition chimney." The dune remains closed to visitors except with very limited ranger tours, until perhaps 2017.</p><br>
<p>South Park is a 24-block, 150-acre area of more than 780 structures primarily dating from the 1880s to the early twentieth century. It is located south of downtown Dayton, Ohio, just north of the University of Dayton campus and Woodland Cemetery, and east of Miami Valley Hospital. Mainly residential in character, South Park is significant because of the variety of its architecture, which includes vernacular, cottage, and high style examples, and because of its association with John H. Patterson, founder of the National Cash Register Company.</p><br>
<h2>Slidertown and Patterson</h2><br>
<p>When Patterson began to develop his factory complex on South Main Street, the area now called South Park was a neighborhood of shacks and shanties called Slidertown. Patterson began to have trouble with boys from Slidertown who broke the glass windows on his new factory, and so, determined to give the boys something else to do by sponsoring community gardens and other beautification projects for the neighborhood. Eventually South Park developed into a pleasant, garden-filled community where factory workers lived side-by-side with supervisors and Patterson&#39;s right-hand men. The late Frederick Law Olmsted, walking along the streets of this quarter, declared that, considering the size of the lots, it was the most beautiful street he had ever seen.</p><br>
<p>Until the advent of the automobile enabled NCR workers to move further afield, the neighborhood continued to be associated with Patterson&#39;s firm, and many company picnics and other functions took place on Park Drive Boulevard in the heart of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>On August 23, 1984, South Park was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, bounding streets Park Dr., Morton Ave., Hickory St., and Wayne Ave. (No. 84003794). On July 16, 1988, this expanded to encompass Wyoming St., Nathan Pl., Oak St., Alberta St. and Blaine St. (No. 88000857). City of Dayton Ordinance #26219.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, South Park was chosen by the Dayton chapter of the American Institute of Architects as its community partner. This resulted in the creation of housing designs and landscaping concepts consistent with South Park&#39;s participation in Rehabarama in both 2001 and 2007.</p><br>
<p>Actor Martin Sheen was born in Dayton and raised in the South Park neighborhood on Brown Street.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Structures</h3><br>
<p>The architecture of South Park includes examples of Second Empire, High Victorian Italianate, Queen Anne, Federal and Romanesque Revival in one- and two-story structures of brick and frame. South Park still preserves a sense of close-knit neighborhood whose residents cooperate to maintain the many neighborhood parks which give the district its special flavor.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape</h3><br>
<p>Commissioned by Patterson, John Charles Olmsted was responsible for the layout of Park Drive&#39;s landscape. This boulevard once adorned a fountain centerpiece and waterway running through its middle.</p><br>
<p>Kandanos or Kantanos  is a town and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kantanos-Selino, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 73.081 km&sup2;. It was part of the former Selino Province which covered the southwest of the island. The town has 421 residents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town of Kandanos and its surrounding area suffered particularly badly from German occupation during World War II. During the Battle of Crete, resistance fighters had held advancing German soldiers for two days, preventing them from reaching Paleochora to secure it. In retribution the occupiers razed the village to the ground and erected a sign: "Here stood Kandanos, destroyed in retribution for the murder of 25 German soldiers, never to be rebuilt again."</p><br>
<p>The town was rebuilt however, and the sign retained in a war memorial. Several of the Byzantine churches and their frescoes were restored. Germany donated a waterworks after the war to the village and former soldiers stationed there returned in reconciliation.</p><br>
<p>There is a health center, a police station, a bank branch, a post-office and some stores, taverns and cafes in the village. The municipality also includes 28 villages, like Anisaraki, Koufalotos, Plemeniana, Kadhros, Kakodiki and Floria.</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>Kandanos is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Kings Pinnacle, or more commonly The Pinnacle, is one of the two main peaks located within Crowders Mountain State Park. The other peak is Crowders Mountain. The park is located in the western Piedmont of North Carolina between the cities of Kings Mountain and Gastonia.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The monadnock is the remnant of a quartzite ridge which formed approximately 400–500 million years ago. The softer material that once covered and surrounded the monadnock has been gradually worn down to its present height of 1,705 feet (520 meters) above sea level. The monadnock abruptly rises some 800 feet above the surrounding countryside. The Pinnacle is part of the Kings Mountain Belt, a string of monadnocks and rock types along the piedmont in the Carolinas, many of which can be seen from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pinnacle and nearby Crowders Mountain separated the historic hunting lands of the Cherokee and Catawba Indians. The Battle of Kings Mountain, an important American victory over the British Army during the American Revolution, was fought southwest of the mountain in 1780 in what is now Kings Mountain National Military Park.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>A hiking trail leads to the summit, from which it is possible to view the much higher Appalachian Mountains far to the west and north, and the skyscrapers of Charlotte, North Carolina some 30 miles to the east.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tapps is a reservoir in Pierce County, Washington. It was created in 1911 by Puget Sound Energy and operated for hydroelectric power until it ceased power production in 2004. In December 2009 PSE sold the lake to the, a municipal corporation whose members are five cities  and two water districts . Cascade provides water to almost 350,000 residents and more than 20,000 businesses. It plans to eventually use Lake Tapps as a municipal water supply source.</p><br>
<p>Cascade has signed an agreement with the Lake Tapps homeowners that guarantees full recreational lake levels throughout the summer. It has also signed an agreement with the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe and the Puyallup Tribe of Indians to ensure instream flows for fish. The four cities that surround the lake, Auburn, Bonney Lake, Buckley and Sumner, worked with Cascade to ensure their future water needs will be met for about 50 years. Cascade is the operator of Lake Tapps.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tapps is about 4.5 square miles in surface area and has about 45 mi of shoreline. The local terrain is such that the shape of the shoreline is very complex, with many inlets, peninsulas, and islands. Before the reservoir was created there were several smaller lakes, including one called Lake Tapps. The reservoir is held in place by a series of dikes. The lake is also known to hold many fish including carp, smallmouth bass, perch, and tiger musky.</p><br>
<p>A diversion dam on the White River, near Buckley, routes water into a flume which empties into the east side of Lake Tapps. On the west side of the lake, water had originally been routed to the Dieringer Powerhouse to generate hydroelectricity, after which the water was returned to the White River, about 20 mi downstream from the diversion dam. Although there is currently no power generation, the water is diverted and returned to the river through the former hydropower infrastructure. The level of the lake is lowered from October to April for maintenance and repairs, flood control purposes and aquatic plant management.</p><br>
<p>At the diversion dam on the White River is a US Army Corps of Engineers fish trap, which catches salmon migrating upstream. The fish are driven by truck and released upriver of Mud Mountain Dam, which blocks salmon migration. This technique is called a "trap and haul system".</p><br>
<p>Lake Tapps is often considered a city or census-designated place in its own right, however, the majority of the area surrounding the reservoir is in unincorporated Pierce County, Washington; the rest is part of the city of Bonney Lake. At the northern edge of Lake Tapps is Auburn.</p><br>
<p>Tatton Hall is a country house in Tatton Park near Knutsford, Cheshire, England. It is financed on behalf of the National Trust by Cheshire East Council. The house is designated by Historic England as a Grade I listed building. It is open for visiting by the general public at advertised times.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original manor house in Tatton Park was Tatton Old Hall. Around 1716 a new hall was built in a more elevated position on the site of the present mansion some 0.75 mi to the west. This house was a rectangular block of seven bays with three storeys. From 1758 the owner Samuel Egerton began to make improvements to the house, in particular a rococo interior to his drawing room (now the dining room), designed by Thomas Farnolls Pritchard.</p><br>
<p>During the later part of the 19th century Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton, hosted large house parties in the hall. Eminent guests included the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1887, and at later dates the Shah of Persia and the Crown Prince of Siam. The last member of the Egerton family to live in the hall was Maurice Egerton. He made a large collection of objects from around the world some which are on display in the hall. On his death in 1958 Maurice Egerton bequeathed the mansion and gardens to the National Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The main body of the hall and the family wing to the west, both in two storeys, are built in ashlar Runcorn sandstone with slate and lead roofs. The additions of 1884 (family entrance hall and smoking room) are faced in yellow terracotta. The south front of the hall has seven bays. At its centre is a large Corinthian portico with four monolithic columns. The north front is simpler in design, also with seven bays, and it has a pedimented porch with two columns. The east front has five bays with Corinthian pilasters on a slightly projecting plinth and an entablature above. The family wing has seven bays. The south front has a Tuscan colonnade on the lower storey and an Ionic colonnade, verandah and balustrade above.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Not all of the rooms are open to the public. The major rooms which are open are described below.</p><br>
<h3>Hall</h3><br>
<h4>Ground floor</h4><br>
<p>The Entrance Hall is in three bays. It is decorated in neoclassical style with a marble floor, red porphyry Ionic columns and a geometric coffered, tunnel vaulted ceiling. The furniture includes two late-17th-century Italian chests of drawers and a walnut chest dating from around 1730, and a 19th-century walnut table and chairs. On each side of a central niche are marble busts of the Duke of Wellington and William Pitt the Younger on columns. The largest painting in the entrance hall is The Cheshire Hunt, 1839 by Henry Calvert. To the west of the entrance hall is the Card Room (where calling cards were left - not for playing cards, as in other Card Rooms). This room has a neoclassical cornice and fireplace. A set of open arm chairs are English in the Adam style which date from around 1785. Other furniture dates from the 19th century in Louis XVI marquetry style. In a showcase is a rare silver filigree Horn Book. Paintings in the room include La Gouvernante by Chardin, The Head of an Old Man, 1639 by Abraham Bloemaert, A Farrier&#39;s by Philips Wouwerman, and Head of Nicodemus after Rogier van der Weyden.</p><br>
<p>On the other side of the Entrance Hall is the Music Room whose walls are decorated with cherry-coloured silk damask. Much of the furniture is in the French Boulle revival style (with brass inlays in the style of André Charles Boulle). An alcove was intended to be occupied by an organ but it contains a rosewood bookcase in boulle work. The circular table, couches and chairs are also in boulle style, made by Gillows. The fireplace is made from white marble and is decorated with images of musical instruments and motifs. Two vases on the mantelpiece are 19th-century Meissen. The harpsichord was made by Kirckman&#39;s and is dated 1789. The paintings include pieces by Gaspard Dughet, Aernout van der Neer, Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem, and Guercino, and two still life paintings by Jan Davidszoon de Heem and Cornelis de Heem. To the south of the music room is the Drawing Room which is decorated in a similar style. The ceiling is gilded and coffered and is decorated with rosettes. Together with its elaborate furniture it is the "most impressive and ostentatious room in the house". The paintings include two views of Venice by Canaletto, The Sacrifice of Noah by Poussin, The Martyrdom of St. Stephen by Van Dyck, and paintings by Annibale Carracci and Giovanni Battista Cimaroli. A full-length portrait of Samuel Egerton is by Bartolomeo Nazari.</p><br>
<p>Behind the portico on the south front of the house is the Library. The furniture in this room is practical rather than decorative, most of it again having been made by Gillows. The bookcases date from 1811–12. The pair of globes, terrestrial and celestial, were made by the Cary family. On top of the bookcases are Dutch Delft vases and jars from the 17th–18th centuries. The room contains over 8,000 books, many in their original covers and in mint condition. The earliest book is dated 1513. Some of the books are unbound and in their original paper covers, including first editions of two novels by Jane Austen. Other than a portrait of Charles II, all the paintings in the library are portraits of members of the Egerton family. To the west of the Library is the Dining Room. This is a survival from the original house and is decorated in rococo style. The white marble fireplace dates from 1840 and was designed by Richard Westmacott. Most of the furniture in the room is made in mahogany by Gillows. The paintings in the room are all portraits of the Egerton family.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the building are the main stairs. These rise from the Staircase Hall which is lit by a domed oval skylight. To east of this hall, through two pairs of marble columns, is the Cupola Hall. On its floor is an Axminster carpet with an unusual design showing celestial objects and the signs of the Zodiac for the winter months. The halls contain English furniture in Adam style and items of oriental ceramics.</p><br>
<h4>Upper floor</h4><br>
<p>On the walls of the upper landing are ten full-length portraits known as The Cheshire Gentlemen. They portray ten of the leading gentlemen of the county who met together at Ashley Hall to decide whether to support King George I or James Stuart in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. They decided to support the king, which probably saved their lives and their estates.</p><br>
<p>The bedrooms are named mainly after the type or colour of the original drapery. All the bedrooms, except the Lemon Room, have adjoining dressing rooms. The furniture in all the rooms was supplied by Gillows. The Silk Bedroom is above the Entrance Hall and was one of the principal guest rooms. It contains furniture of mahogany inlaid with ebony. The bed is a cut-down four poster bed. The Silk Dressing Room contains a large tin bath on castors. The other bedrooms are the Chintz Bedroom, which is furnished as a sitting room, the Lemon Bedroom, and the Amber Bedroom, which is furnished as a Victorian day nursery. Most of the paintings in the bedrooms depict family members. The Egerton Room was originally the Blue Bedroom but, with its dressing room, is now used for an exhibition about the Egerton family. In addition to family portraits, the paintings in these rooms include schemes for the design of the house by the architects, and paintings of architectural features by J. C. Buckler. There are also three paintings of excavations for the Manchester Ship Canal by Benjamin Williams Leader. Wilbraham Egerton, 1st Earl Egerton was the second chairman of the Manchester Ship Canal Company from 1887 to 1894. The dressing room includes paintings by Vasari and Tosini.</p><br>
<h3>Family wing</h3><br>
<p>Entering the family wing from the hall, the first room on the left, beyond the garden entrance, is the Yellow Drawing Room. This has a more intimate atmosphere and contains a collection of satinwood furniture made by Gillows. This includes a bookcase dated 1795 and a pair of cabinets on each side of the fireplace. The paintings are family portraits. Opposite this room is the Family Entrance and opposite the garden entrance is the Oak Staircase which was moved here from Hough End Hall. The Servants&#39; Quarters occupy two floors, the ground floor and basement. These contain the usual rooms required to service a mansion and many of these are furnished with the equipment and utensils formerly in use in the house. One room, known as the Maurice Egerton Exhibition Room, houses a collection of items from around the world which were collected by Maurice Egerton on his travels.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Tatton Hall was designated as a Grade I listed building on 5 March 1959. The hall is financed on behalf of the National Trust by Cheshire East Council. The house is open to the public at advertised times.</p><br>
<p>South Mountain is the northern extension of the Blue Ridge Mountain range in Maryland and Pennsylvania. From the Potomac River near Knoxville, Maryland, in the south, to Dillsburg, Pennsylvania, in the north, the 70 mi range separates the Hagerstown and Cumberland valleys from the Piedmont regions of the two states. The Appalachian National Scenic Trail follows the crest of the mountain through Maryland and a portion of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>South Mountain begins at the Potomac River as a low, narrow ridge, barely one mile wide and only 1,200 ft above sea level at its crest. South of the Potomac River in Virginia, the ridge continues as Short Hill Mountain for about 12 mi before subsiding near the town of Hillsboro. South Mountain in Maryland gradually grows higher and wider towards the north. Near the Pennsylvania border, the mountain merges with the hills of the parallel Catoctin Mountain range to the east and becomes more like a low mountain range than a single crest. North of USA Route 30 in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain highlands reach their greatest width, over 12 mi, and several summits top 2,000 ft. The mountain then turns more to the east and becomes a series of small rocky hills between Mount Holly Springs and the northeastern end of the mountain at Dillsburg.</p><br>
<h3>Major summits</h3><br>
<h4>Maryland</h4><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>Lambs Knoll, 1,758 ft above sea level</p><br>
<p>Monument Knob, 1,540 ft</p><br>
<p>Bartman Hill, 1,400 ft</p><br>
<p>Pine Knob, 1,714 ft</p><br>
<p>Buzzard Knob, 1,520 ft</p><br>
<p>Quirauk Mountain, 2,150 ft - highest point on South Mountain in Maryland</p><br>
<h4>Pennsylvania</h4><br>
<p>From south to north, then east:</p><br>
<p>Mount Dunlop, 1,720 ft</p><br>
<p>Monterey Peak, 1,663 ft</p><br>
<p>Wildcat Rocks, 1,772 ft</p><br>
<p>Virginia Rock, 1,818 ft</p><br>
<p>Buzzard Peak/Chimney Rocks, 1,946 ft</p><br>
<p>Snowy Mountain, 2,090 ft</p><br>
<p>Green Ridge, 1,980 ft</p><br>
<p>Mount Newman, 1,784 ft</p><br>
<p>Piney Mountain, 1,904 ft</p><br>
<p>Big Pine Flat Ridge, 2,100 ft - highest point on South Mountain in Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>East Big Flat Ridge, 2,070 ft</p><br>
<p>Mount Holly, 1,504 ft</p><br>
<p>Long Mountain, 1,583 ft</p><br>
<p>Center Point Knob, 1,075 ft</p><br>
<p>White Rocks, 1,105 ft</p><br>
<h3>Gaps</h3><br>
<h4>Maryland</h4><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>Crampton&#39;s Gap, 930 ft, between Burkittsville and Gapland</p><br>
<p>Fox&#39;s Gap, 1,070 ft, between Middletown and Boonsboro</p><br>
<p>Turner&#39;s Gap, 1,071 ft, between Middletown and Boonsboro, traversed by USA Route 40 Alternate</p><br>
<p>, 1,250 ft, traversed by Interstate 70 and USA Route 40</p><br>
<p>Harman Gap (), 1,570 ft, east of Cavetown</p><br>
<h4>Pennsylvania</h4><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>Monterey Gap, 1,330 ft, at Blue Ridge Summit (see also )</p><br>
<h3>State reservations</h3><br>
<h4>Maryland</h4><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>South Mountain State Park, length of the ridge crest in Maryland</p><br>
<p>Gathland State Park, Crampton Gap</p><br>
<p>Washington Monument State Park, near Boonsboro</p><br>
<p>Greenbrier State Park, near Boonsboro</p><br>
<h4>Pennsylvania</h4><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>Michaux State Forest, covering most of the mountain</p><br>
<p>Caledonia State Park, east of Fayetteville</p><br>
<p>Pine Grove Furnace State Park</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of South Mountain was fought on the mountain at Cramptons, Fox and Turners gaps during the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862. In 1863, military engagements of the Gettysburg Campaign on the mountain range included the Fight at Monterey Pass near the Mason–Dixon Line.</p><br>
<p>The Union Bank of Tallahassee was established around 1830 and is the state&#39;s oldest surviving bank building. It is located at Apalachee Parkway and Calhoun Street. On February 24, 1971, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union Bank was completed in 1841 as Tallahassee&#39;s first bank by William Williams when Florida was still a territory. Chartered to help finance local cotton plantations, it ultimately closed in 1843 due to the Seminole Wars, unsound banking practices, and the Panic of 1837. In 1847, the bank was purchased by cotton plantation owners William Bailey and Isaac Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the bank reopened as the Freedmans Savings and Trust Company in 1868 for emancipated slaves. It later served as a church, feed store, art house, coffee house, dance studio, locksmiths shop, beauty shop, and shoe factory.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the bank was moved from its original site on the west side of Adams Street between College Avenue and Park Avenue, to just east of the Capitol on Apalachee Parkway and Calhoun Avenue where it underwent restoration and was opened as a museum in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Union Bank now serves as an extension of the Florida A&M University Southeastern Regional Black Archives, Research Center and Museum. The site is also known as the &#39;Capitol Complex Extension Branch of the Southeastern Regional</p><br>
<p>Black Archives&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The museum is open to the public and school groups only on weekdays. Artifacts and documents reflecting black history and culture in Florida are on display, and public programs are provided by Black Archives staff.</p><br>
<p>The main location for the Southeastern Regional Black Archives, Research Center and Museum is located at the Carnegie Library at FAMU.</p><br>
<p>Mousouroi  is a former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Platanias, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 191.744 km&sup2;. It was part of the former Kydonia Province. The municipal unit extends from the hinterland of the town of Chania to the mountains of south Crete. Many tourists pass through Mousouroi on their way to Omalos and the start of the Samaria Gorge walk, which is in Mousouroi. Mousouroi is bordered by Voukolies in the southwest, Platanias in the northwest, Theriso to the east and East Selino in the southwest with Sfakia in the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit includes</p><br>
<p>Alikianos: Population 825, Area: 5,302km. The administrative centre, in the northeast</p><br>
<p>Koufos: Population: 149, Area: 3,369km. Just north of Alikianos</p><br>
<p>Psathogiannos: Population: 159, Area: 3,599km. Northwest.</p><br>
<p>Fournes: Population: 576, Area: 9,804km. South of Alikianos, on the road to Omalos.</p><br>
<p>Skines: Population: 621, Area: 8,228km. South of Alikianos, on the road to Sougia.</p><br>
<p>Sebronas (Sempronas, Σέμπρωνας): Population: 92, Area: 14,331km. West of the Sougia road, south of Prases</p><br>
<p>Prases: Population: 138, Area: 27,511km. South of Alikianos on the Sougia road, before the Omalos turn off</p><br>
<p>Orthouni: Population: 94, Area: 20,634km. South of Alikianos between the Omalos and Sougia roads</p><br>
<p>Meskla: Population: 353, Area: 22,435km. Eastern Mousouroi, southeast of Alikianos, northeast of Omalos, east of the Omalos road</p><br>
<p>Lakkoi: Population: 270, Area: 55,573km. South of Alikianos on the road to Omalos, south of Fournes</p><br>
<p>Karanos (Καράνος): Population: 88, Area: 5,777km. South of Alikianos between Skines and Lakki, north of the Omalos road on a windy mountainous road joining the latter to the Sougia road</p><br>
<p>Vatolakos: Population: 661, Area: 15,181km. West of Alikianos, on the road to Skonizo</p><br>
<p>Downtown Stamford is the central business district of the city of Stamford, Connecticut, United States. Also known as "Stamford Downtown." It is an economically thriving area of the city, with major retail establishments, a shopping mall, a university campus, the headquarters of major corporations and fortune 500 companies, as well as other retail businesses, hotels, restaurants, offices, entertainment venues, and high-rise apartment buildings. In recent years, more housing has been constructed in the neighborhood and more is planned.</p><br>
<p>With transportation widely seen as one of the biggest challenges facing the Economy of Stamford, Downtown has become an important transportation hub, as well as a business hub for lower Fairfield County. For example, it is an area within walking distance of the Metro-North train station, which is one of the busiest on the New Haven Railroad Line.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown area has been the heart of Stamford, Connecticut since colonial times. Much of the history of Stamford took place there. Most of the southern and central portions of Downtown have been designated as historic districts, listed as the Downtown Stamford Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, new development has consumed much of the Downtown area, with the additions of new high-rise buildings and office towers such as the new 34-story Trump Parc Stamford, parks such as the new Mill River Park development project, and housing such as the new 17-story Highgrove Condominium Residences. Other development projects include new student housing at the UCONN Stamford branch, residential housing, and the massive planned Ritz-Carlton Stamford development, which will include two 39-story hotel/condominium towers. The project is currently on hold due to the economic downturn in 2008. The city also plans to make improvements to the Atlantic Street underpass beneath the New Haven Line railroad tracks just east of the Stamford Transportation Center in order to alleviate a traffic bottleneck. The improvements are also meant to allow quicker evacuation of areas of the South End if disaster strikes. The project received a $245,000 earmark in the federal budget passed in December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>In relation to other neighborhoods in Stamford, the Downtown is east of the West Side (separated by the Mill River), north of the South End (separated by Interstate 95 and the Metro-North Railroad tracks) and Shippan (also separated by the highway and railroad), west of the East Side and Glenbrook, and south of Newfield, Belltown, High Ridge and Turn of River. Bull&#39;s Head, the mostly commercial area at the intersection of High Ridge Road and Long Ridge Road, is immediately north of the Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown Stamford Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The originally listed area included 56 buildings along Atlantic, Main, Bank, and Bedford Streets, and examples of Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals, Late Victorian, and Commercial Vernacular architecture. Its boundaries were increased in 1985 to include an area bounded by Atlantic, Main, Bank, Bedford, Summer between Broad and Main Sts. and Summer Pl. The 1985 boundary increase captured the only surviving area in downtown of lower-rent commercial structures such as warehouses, laundries, and stables. Its boundaries were further increased in 2002 to include an area including Late 19th And 20th Century Revivals and Modern Movement architecture, roughly, Bedford Street between Broad and Forest Streets. The current boundaries of the historic district now encompass most of the southern half of Downtown. The historic district designated in 1983 included the largest remaining area of pre-1930s commercial and institutional buildings in downtown Stamford. The 1985 boundary increase captured the only surviving area in downtown of lower-rent commercial structures such as warehouses, laundries, and stables. The 2002 increase added the 1939-built Avon Theatre and other buildings, adding Late Gothic Revival and Art Deco architectural styles not included in the first and second areas.</p><br>
<h2>Distinctive architecture</h2><br>
<h3>High rises</h3><br>
<p>Recently, Downtown Stamford has experienced a boom in high-rise building construction.</p><br>
<p>Trump Parc Stamford -- Finished in 2009, the 34-story condominium tower is currently the tallest building, office and residential, in Stamford and the second tallest building in the state, after the 38-story City Place I in Hartford. The building currently features 170 condominium units and a 6-story parking podium. This tower will soon be surpassed by another tower owned by Marriott Residence Inn that is currently under construction located at Atlantic Street.</p><br>
<p>One Landmark Square -- Completed in 1973 at a cost of $35 million, the skyscraper became the tallest building between New York City and New Haven between 1973 and 2008. The "Landmark" in its name is no exaggeration. When it was built, the 21-story office building towered over a much lower skyline, and it remains the second-tallest building in the city, and the tallest office high-rise, as well as one of the most distinctive buildings in Downtown Stamford. Five smaller buildings designed by Moshe Safdie, such as the Biltmore Apartments, were later built around the tower.</p><br>
<p>Highgrove Condominium Residences -- Finished in 2009, the 17-story condominium tower is currently the third-tallest building in Stamford and the second-tallest residential high-rise.</p><br>
<h3>Victor Bisharat's buildings</h3><br>
<p>Many of the most distinctive buildings in Downtown Stamford were designed by the late Victor Bisharat, a Jordanian who received his education at the American University in Beirut, Lebanon and at the University of California at Berkeley. His Stamford buildings were designed for F.D. Rich Co. (For information on Bisharat&#39;s buildings on High Ridge Road, see Arts and culture in Stamford, Connecticut.)</p><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s Towers -- The three cylindrical, 17-story towers were finished in 1971.</p><br>
<p>One Stamford Forum -- Looking like an upside-down ziggurat above its three-story parking garage, the building has an enclosed arboretum rising from the ninth floor to the penthouse roof, which is covered by 76 acrylic glass domes. Formerly the "GTE building" named after a former tenant, the 13-floor structure is 196 feet (60 m) high. GTE used to show off the building in numerous magazine advertisements. In the 1990s, the Tresser Boulevard entrance to the building was changed (in a design by Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum) from a "formidably stark concrete wall of a parking garage" to "a more inviting entrance... clad in blue-gray ceramic tiles, with a lobby, canopy, colonnade and small garden."</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>One Atlantic Street -- Art Deco interiors, with murals in the ground-floor bank, and Art Deco exterior details as well. The red-brick/white marble building at the corner of Broad and Atlantic streets was finished in 1931 and for a long time was the tallest in Stamford.</p><br>
<p>University of Connecticut Campus -- The 225,000 ft&sup2; building with the vast, green glass facade at the corner of Washington and Broad streets was designed by Perkins Eastman.</p><br>
<p>Old Town Hall &mdash; The Beaux Arts building was built from 1905 to 1907 and served as the seat of local government until the early 1960s. The building opened for business on March 20, 1907. The last mayor to work there was J. Walter Kennedy, who moved to the Municipal Office Building that was on Atlantic Street (now torn down) in about 1961. The Old Town Hall held offices for the city government until all city offices were moved to 888 Washington Blvd. in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The "Fish Church," or the of Stamford, was designed by Wallace K. Harrison, the chief architect of the United Nations buildings in New York City, and opened in 1958. The fish shape is obvious to anyone who drives by, but the floor plan is also fish-shaped. The stained glass windows in the sanctuary contain more than 20,000 pieces of faceted glass. They depict the story of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection. The 32 ft-high cross is faced with wood from Canterbury Cathedral. "Brilliant blues, reds and yellows make up the walls -- and seem to fill the air. It really is like being inside a jewel, says Reverend David R. Van Dyke, a co-pastor. When I bring people who havent been here before, theres an audible gasp." (Life Magazine, April 14, 2005)</p><br>
<p>"America&#39;s Coolest Churches," Life magazine, April 14, 2005, accessed July 5, 2006. In March 1958, the $1.5 million church was dedicated with capacity crowds filling it for three services.</p><br>
<p>Gurley Building (1924), also known as Valeur Building, an eight-story tall, narrow building at northwest corner of Main St. and Atlantic St. intersection (see ). "Sullivanesque&quot designed by Edward B. Stratton and built by Clinton Cruikshank.</p><br>
<p>133 Atlantic Street (c.1861, remodelled in 1935)</p><br>
<p>Fidelity Title and Trust Company, 129 Atlantic Street. Built by Clinton Cruikshank.</p><br>
<p>119 Atlantic Street (1926), four-story, masonry</p><br>
<p>Weed&#39;s Hall (1886), 109 Atlantic Street. Narrow five-story building, the only Stamford building with a cast iron facade.</p><br>
<p>Ferguson Library (1910), two-story Georgian Revival brick building (see ). Designed by Egerton Swartwout. It had an addition built in 1931, to the rear, which was replaced and further enlarged in 1981.</p><br>
<p>15 Bedford Street (1932), Art Deco two-story commercial building. (see ).</p><br>
<p>Library Apartments, 65 Bedford Street (1930), three-story; second story "displays window</p><br>
<p>spandrels with triglyph fluting". (see ).</p><br>
<h3>Buildings under construction, proposed, or approved</h3><br>
<p>Ritz-Carlton Stamford -- The Ritz-Carlton is a planned hotel and condominium complex for Downtown Stamford. The project will include two 39-story hotel/condominium towers, as well as 70,000 ft&sup2; of retail space. Once completed, the two buildings will become the tallest in the city. The project is currently on hold due to the 2008 economic crisis.</p><br>
<h2>Shopping</h2><br>
<p>By city ordinance, all large stores in Stamford must be located within the Downtown Special Services District, unless special waivers are given. The area includes the Stamford Town Center, an indoor shopping mall in the heart of the Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Entertainment</h2><br>
<p>Most of Stamford&#39;s larger entertainment venues are located in the Downtown. These include the Palace Theatre, Rich Forum, as well as various movie other theaters. The area around Columbus Park and Bedford Street has become a center for bars, clubs, and restaurants, although all three can be found elsewhere Downtown and around the city.</p><br>
<h2>Mill River Park</h2><br>
<p>Mill River Park, which separates Downtown from the West Side, is to be expanded in an $8.5 million project, including $4 million in federal funding earmarked in 2007, with the city government financing the rest of the cost. The federal funding is to pay for removing the Mill River dam and dredging. That part of the project is the first step in the long-planned renovation of the park.</p><br>
<p>The project plans call for narrowing the width of the river to less than half of its current expanse, which would expand the park&#39;s area and provide space for more amenities. The master plan provides for a carousel, fountain, ice rink and network of trails connecting a greenway with the Kosciuszko, Southfield and Scalzi parks. Removing the dam will also allow fish to swim up from Long Island Sound. As of 2007, the USA Army Corps of Engineers had spent $800,000 on preliminary studies, planning and design.</p><br>
<p>The cherry trees in Mill River Park were presented to the city on April 27, 1957 by Junzo Nojima, a native of Japan who had settled in the city in 1926 and in 1932 became the first Japanese man to own a restaurant in the state (K&J Three Decker Restaurant on Atlantic Street). Nojima gave the city 120 trees, and for three years he watered each one until they took root. He gave the city instructions on how to care for them, but when they were overlooked, he began tending the trees himself. On Arbor Day, April 27, 2007, the city celebrated the 50th anniversary of the gift with a ceremony at the park.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown Special Services District, known as Stamford Downtown, is booming with exciting events from June through December. Whether it’s a tour of a world class sculpture exhibit, "Alive@Five" and "Jazz up July" outdoor concerts in Columbus Park, Arts & Crafts on Bedford Street or a giant helium balloon parade that marches through Downtown, Stamford Downtown is the place to find it all. These events bring thousands of people into the Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Police and fire services</h2><br>
<p>The main police station is located in the heart of Downtown, at 805 Bedford Street. A substation is located on Atlantic Street.</p><br>
<p>The Stamford Fire Rescue Departments Fire Stations # 1 and 5 serve the neighborhood. Fire Headquarters, or Fire Station # 1 is located on Main Street, in the heart of Downtown, while Fire Station # 5 is located on Washington Boulevard, in the Woodside neighborhood, just north of Downtown.</p><br>
<h2>Filming locations</h2><br>
<p>Almost all of Elia Kazans 1947 film, Boomerang, was shot in Stamford, Connecticut, and most of that in the downtown area. The Old Town Hall was used, particularly the old Police Department offices and the stairway leading up from them to the courtroom. For a scene in which a pastor was killed, the movie used the front and sidewalk of the Plaza Theatre, which stood on Greyrock Place (a driveway leading into the Stamford Town Center Mall is at that location now). The former offices of The Advocate of Stamford, on Atlantic Street, were also used. "t wasnt an oddity to run into Dana Andrews, one of the stars of the movie, in a local restaurant, or to see other stars on the street," according to Don Russell, a columnist for The Advocate.</p><br>
<p>Part of Otto Preminger&#39;s 1963 film, The Cardinal, was shot in St. John the Evangelist Roman Catholic Church on Atlantic Street. Some people stood for hours on the east side of Atlantic Street (across the street from the church) to get a glimpse of the stars.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>Clinch Mountain is a mountain ridge in the USA states of Tennessee and Virginia, lying in the ridge-and-valley section of the Appalachian Mountains. From its southern terminus at Signal Point peak, which lies at the intersection of Knox, Union and Grainger counties near Blaine, Tennessee, it runs in a generally east-northeasterly direction to Garden Mountain near Burke&#39;s Garden, Virginia. It separates the Clinch River basin, to the north, and the Holston River basin, to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Clinch Mountain is a long ridge, about 150 mi in length. It runs generally southwest-northeast, with numerous curves. Its north-south extent is 97 mi, and east-west 172 mi. Due to its size it is sometimes called a mountain range or complex. The ridge includes the sub-range of Knob Mountain, as well as four summits above 4,000 feet (Beartown Mountain, Flattop Mountain, Morris Knob, and Chimney Rock Peak).</p><br>
<p>For its entire length, Clinch Mountain has only one true gap through which the ridge is completely sliced in half and continues as Clinch Mountain on either side, divided by Big Moccasin Creek. It is named Moccasin Gap, between Weber City and Gate City, Virginia the Norfolk Southern Railway and USA Highways 23-58-421 utilize that gap because there is no elevation in the division of the mountain. Moccasin Gap is currently planned to undergo major mountain removal to accommodate a planned highway project. The natural appearance of the gap will be altered significantly. 30 miles northeast of Moccasin Gap, in Russell County, USA Highway 58 Alternate crosses Clinch Mountain at Brumley Mountain, between Hansonville, Virginia and Abingdon, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>All other transportation crossings, as noted below, require an elevation climb to the top of the Clinch Mountain.</p><br>
<p>When USA Highway 25E was realigned into a four-lane highway northwest of Bean Station, Tennessee in the 1980s, it was necessary to cut a new gap into the top of Clinch Mountain, which lowered the original gap elevation by 200 feet. That realignment, along with the lowering of Interstate 26-USA Highway 23 at Sams Gap on the Tennessee-North Carolina border, are the only instances of a highway gap in Tennessee actually lowering an original gap where a state or federal highway was built through. (Sams Gap was lowered by 150 feet to accommodate the new Interstate 26 highway).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clinch Mountain is named after the Clinch River, which was named after an 18th-century explorer. The earliest known reference to the name is in the 18th-century journal of Dr. Thomas Walker: "Clinch&#39;s River, from one Clinch a hunter" (Stewart, 1967:146).</p><br>
<p>The Wilderness Road to the Cumberland Gap crossed Clinch Mountain at Moccasin Gap, which Moccasin Creek flows through to join the Holston River to the south.</p><br>
<p>Signal Point peak at the southern terminus of Clinch Mountain was used to signal troops during the Civil War. The mountains along the Clinch Mountain Ridge also played an important role in the Battle of Bean&#39;s Station. Apart from battles, the mountains in Grainger County, Tennessee had prominence in the late 1800s when the mineral springs in the area drew notable visitors from around the globe. Tate Springs, as the town and resort were named, included an enormous hotel, golf course and mineral baths. The seasonal resort even had its own spur on the railroad, so visitors could easily make the trip from all over the country. Notable guests included the Fords, Studebakers, Mellons, Firestones and Rockefellers. Because of a devastating fire and the Great Depression, only a few buildings survive today.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>"Way Up on Clinch Mountain," a folk song based on a 17th-century Scottish ballad, was recorded by Woody Guthrie as "Rye Whiskey," and is included in Carl Sandburg&#39;s American Songbag. The song is credited by him with inspiring the legion of "Bang Bang Lulu" variants. The Carter Family immortalized the American mountain in their 1928 "My Clinch Mountain Home." A fiddle tune called "Clinch Mountain Backstep" (attributed to Ralph Stanley) is in the Appalachian folk repertoire.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Clinch Mountain is also the referenced home of one branch the Sackett family tree, a fictional family that Louis L&#39;Amour made famous with a series of seventeen books.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation crossings</h2><br>
<p>The following crossings of Clinch Mountain can be made, from southwest to northeast:</p><br>
<p>Joppa Mountain Road connects Joppa and Powder Springs via Powder Spring Gap.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 25E (State Route 32) connects Tazewell and Bean Station via Bean Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 31 connects Spruce Pine and Treadway via Flat Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 66 connects Klondike and Lee Valley via Big War Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 70 connects Alumwell and Eidson via Little War Gap.</p><br>
<p>The CSX Kingsport Subdivision connects Kermit and Speers Ferry via the Clinch Mountain Tunnel.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 23/USA Route 58/USA Route 421 and the Norfolk Southern Railway Appalachia Division connect Weber City and Gate City via Moccasin Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 612 connects Mendota and Collinwood via Fugate Gap.</p><br>
<p>USA Route 19/USA Route 58 Alternate connects Holston and Hansonville via Little Moccasin Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 80 connects the settlement of Hayters Gap and Rockdell via Hayters Gap.</p><br>
<p>State Route 91 connects Tannersville and Maiden Spring via an unnamed crossing.</p><br>
<p>State Route 16 connects Asberrys and Benbow via an unnamed crossing.</p><br>
<p>Kassiopi  is a village, and a resort on the affluent north east coast of Corfu. It is in the municipal unit of Kassopaia. Historically, a small traditional fishing village, the town itself has been heavily developed and with more luxury villas now outside it, but it remains a summer social centre heavily visited by tourists, particularly popular with visitors from Britain and Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town is said to have been founded during the reign of Pyrrhus, King of Epirus in the 3rd Century BC, as a supply post during his war with Rome. After the Roman conquest of the island in 230 BC, many Emperors visited, most prominently Emperor Nero, who came to a Temple to Zeus here.</p><br>
<p>Much of a small headland to the north of the resort is taken up by a Byzantine fortress. The fortress was subsequently fortified further by the Venetians, and survived sieges from the Ottoman Turks in the 16th century. Today parts of the fortress&#39;s walls can be seen from the coastal road around the headland.</p><br>
<h2>About Kassiopi</h2><br>
<p>Uniquely on this coast, as well as the ubiquitous "tourist shops" and every kind of eating and drinking facility, there are banks with cash machines, doctors and pharmacies, internet cafes and supermarkets, a primary school and an Orthodox church, travel agents and a police station. The High School of Kassiopi is located just outside the main village in the neighbourhood of Imerolia.</p><br>
<p>Motor boats, which can be driven by children or adults during the daytime only, are available for hire by the day or week. Excursions run daily from the harbour to all parts of the island.</p><br>
<p>The road runs through the edge of the town, and a loop takes buses as far as the village square, some 229 m from the harbour. In an attempt to alleviate the traffic density that occurred around the harbour, a Car and Coach Park is provided at the top of the town. One or two taxis (which run 24 hours a day all over the island) are based here. Both town and surrounding area are very safe, at all times of the day with the crime rate having remaining consistently low for the whole north-east coast.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the 5th century the temple of Kassios Zeus was converted to a Christian church to honour the Holy Mother – Panayia Kassopitra. In 1537 the church was burned to the ground by the Turks, it was restored between 1590 & 1591.The new church had two altars to accommodate both Catholic and Orthodox religions and inscriptions on the church bear the dates 1590, 1670 and 1832.</p><br>
<p>Kassandra  or Kassandra Peninsula  is a peninsula and a municipality in Chalkidiki, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kassandreia.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Kassandra was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units (communities in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Kassandra (Afytos, Fourka, Kalandra, Kallithea, Kassandreia, Kassandrino, Kryopigi, Nea Fokaia)</p><br>
<p>Pallini (Agia Paraskevi, Chaniotis, Nea Skioni, Paliouri, Pefkochori, Polychrono)</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 334.280 km, the municipal unit 206.097 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pallene (Παλλήνη) is the ancient name of the westernmost of the three headlands of Chalcidice, which run out into the Aegean Sea. It is said to have anciently borne the name of Phlegra (Φλέγρα) and to have witnessed the conflict between the gods and the earthborn Gigantes. The modern name of the peninsula is Kassandra, which, besides affording excellent winter pasture for cattle and sheep, also produces an abundance of grain of superior quality, as well as wool, honey, and wax, besides raising silkworms. In antiquity, Pallene was the site of numerous towns: Sane, Mende, Scione, Therambos, Aege, Neapolis, Aphytis, which were either wholly or partly colonies from Eretria.</p><br>
<p>Strabo mentions the following five cities of Pallene in the 1st century BC (Cassandreia, Aphytis, Mende, Scione and Sane).</p><br>
<p>After the founding of the Roman colony of Cassandreia (43 BC), the entire peninsula of Pallene was included in the colony territory.</p><br>
<p>In Late Antiquity, the center of the peninsula was the city of Cassandreia, located at the site of ancient Potidaia. A polis and a bishopric, Cassandreia was destroyed by the Huns in 539 or 540 AD. After this, Emperor Justinian I built a wall at the entrance of the peninsula, but it is not until the 10th century that a sizeable settlement—described as a township (polichnion) and later as a fortress (kastron)—re-appears in the peninsula and that the bishopric is mentioned again, as a suffragan of Thessalonica. The area prospered due to its fertility, and both Thessalonians as well as the monks of the growing monastic community at nearby Mount Athos had estates there.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 1307/08, the peninsula and the city were seized and held by the Catalan Company during their move from Thrace to southern Greece. The 14th-century historian Nikephoros Gregoras describes Kassandreia as "abandoned" during his time, and sometime before 1407, Emperor John VII Palaiologos rebuilt the old fortifications of Justinian. As a de facto annex of Thessalonica, the peninsula shared the city&#39;s fate and came under a brief Venetian control in 1423, before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in ca. 1430.</p><br>
<p>Kassandra (Kesendire) was one of the places that rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821. Because it managed to stop the Turkish army from fighting the south Greece rebels it was burnt from edge to edge. The refugees moved with fishing boats to the islands of Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonissos and Evoia. Nobody lived in the peninsula for more than 30 years. Then the population started to gather again. In 1912 it became a part of Greece.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula was lined with paved road in the mid-20th century. Tourism also arrived beginning after the war period of World War II and the Greek Civil War. More paved roads were added in the 1970s and the 1980s and tourism popped out. Agriculture shifted to tourism and other businesses as its primary industry in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>On August 22, 2006, the peninsula was struck by a major forest fire that affected the central and the southern parts of the peninsula, the day of the heatwave when temperatures soared nearly 40 °C. Several houses were destroyed including villas, hotels and one campground disappeared as the natural beauty was to be erased. It burnt about 1,000 to 20 square kilometres of forests including some farmlands. Aerial pictures were reported near Sani Beach inland to a point where pastures and mountain roads are located and saw smoke throughout the peninsula. It can be seen across the gulf. The cause of this tremendous fire was dry lightning occurred throughout the evening. Power were cut to all affected villages. The forest fire lasted nearly five days and devastated the economy and the peninsula. All roads in the southern part were closed. Villages that were affected were Chanioti, Nea Skioni, Polychrono, Pefkochori, Kriopigi, Kassandrino and near the coastline.</p><br>
<h2>Twin cities</h2><br>
<p>Cassandreia is twinned with the following cities:</p><br>
<p>Niš, Serbia</p><br>
<p>Upper Peirce Reservoir  is Singapore&#39;s fourth reservoir. The 6-hectare Upper Peirce Reservoir Park overlooks the Upper Peirce Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as the Kalang River Reservoir, Singapore&#39;s second reservoir was impounded across the lower reaches of the Kalang River in 1910. In 1922, it was renamed Peirce Reservoir in commendation of the services of Robert Peirce, who was the municipal engineer of Singapore from 1901 to 1916.</p><br>
<p>In late 1960s, due to increasing demand for water and the need to increase the capacity of Peirce Reservoir, a higher dam was constructed upstream of the existing dam at Peirce Reservoir in 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, a major water supply project to develop new water resources was undertaken to support Singapore&#39;s rapid housing and industrialisation programmes. A dam was constructed at the upper reaches of the Peirce Reservoir, forming the Upper and Lower Peirce Reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>Upper Peirce Reservoir was officially opened by then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew on 27 February 1977. The fourth and largest reservoir of Singapore has a capacity of 27.8 million m of water over 304 hectares of water surface.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the Upper Peirce Reservoir Park is a popular retreat with visitors who enjoy its unique pleasant setting and tranquillity. Adding to its scenic beauty is the surrounding secondary forest which was protected as a water catchment area when the reservoir was built.</p><br>
<p>Cascades Park is a 24 acre park along the stream known as the St. Augustine Branch in Tallahassee, Florida, south of the Florida State Capitol. It is a Nationally Registered Historic Place because it influenced the territorial governments choice of the capital citys location. It also contains Florida&#39;s Prime meridian marker monument which is the foundation point for most land mapping throughout Florida.</p><br>
<p>The park as conceived in 1971 had a stream and shallow waterfalls but it closed because of soil contamination and toxic waste left buried by the gasification plant that once occupied the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1821, Spain ceded Florida to the United States. A territorial government was established, but the two largest cities, Pensacola and St. Augustine, were too far west and east, respectively, for either to make a good permanent capital. Territorial governor William Pope Duval appointed two commissioners, one from Pensacola and one from St. Augustine, to choose a location roughly halfway between them to build the new capital. When they saw a beautiful waterfall in what is now Cascades Park, they chose a nearby hill as the location for the future city of Tallahassee.</p><br>
<p>John Lee Williams, the commissioner from Pensacola, wrote of the waterfall:</p><br>
<p>The Florida State Capitol stands approximately a quarter mile northwest of where the waterfall and sinkhole were located. The area was used as a meeting place in the earlier portion of the 19th century for hunters and travelers. During the early 20th century, it was home to Centennial Field, formerly used to play minor league baseball and football, as well as a Korean War memorial. In 1971, Governor Reubin Askew and the Florida Cabinet recognized the park’s significance in a resolution.</p><br>
<h2>Contamination</h2><br>
<p>The city operated a manufactured gas plant in the southwest of the park from 1895 to the late 1950s, when they switched to natural gas and propane. As part of its normal operation, the MGP produced coal tar which was not valuable enough to be sold or reused, so it was simply discarded. Potentially harmful components of this coal tar, in particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), have been detected in the soil and groundwater. A downward hydraulic gradient prevented the contaminants from spreading, but at the site itself, there was "a current or potential threat to public health and the environment".</p><br>
<p>In addition, a landfill on the southern edge of the park was used to dispose of municipal solid waste. The landfill was originally indented for biodegradable lawn waste such as tree limbs, but later it was reportedly used for other trash including construction and automobile waste and ash from the city incinerator on the east side of the park.</p><br>
<h2>Remediation project</h2><br>
<p>In September 2005, the city made an agreement with WRS Infrastructure & Environment to clean up the site for $7.8 million. The plan was to excavate over 70,000 tons of contaminated soil and transport it to an EPA-approved landfill in Valdosta, Georgia, to remove three inches (76 mm) of sediment from 950 ft of the stream and install a protective liner, and to place a clay cap over 5,750 square yards of the landfill.</p><br>
<p>The project was completed in 2014. The park now includes an outdoor amphitheater, biking and walking trails, and historical monuments. A privately funded childrens play area contains an outdoor classroom. Other features of the park are an interactive fountain, a waterfall, and several ponds, masking the parks other function, to serve as drainage for storm water, intended to reduce local flooding.</p><br>
<p>Kataja, the easternmost point of Sweden, is an islet south of Haparanda in Norrbotten.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Haparanda archipelago. The islet has an area of 71 hectare. It is about 2 km long and 200 to 500 m wide.</p><br>
<p>The name "Kataja" is Finnish for juniper.</p><br>
<p>The island is divided between Sweden and Finland. The border was established in 1809 between two islands, a larger Swedish one called Kataja and a smaller Finnish one called Inakari. In the years since then post-glacial rebound has caused the land in the region to rise relative to sea level, joining the two islands.</p><br>
<p>The border now crosses the southeastern part of the combined island, and is marked by two national cairns.</p><br>
<p>Kataja&#39;s beaches are mostly boulders with some sand. The eastern peninsula is covered in deciduous trees such as rowan, alder and willow, while the remainder is covered by coniferous trees.</p><br>
